国家气象中心NWP新资料归档系统的技术特征

文章简要介绍了“八五”以来,国家气象中心数值预报系统新的归档方案设计特点、意义、内容,并探讨了归档软件开发中的一系列技术问题。     

1998年地面加热场的基本特征及其与南海夏季风爆发的可能联系

文中对 1 998年 1月 1日到 8月 31日共 2 4 3d的南海季风试验再分析资料的地面感热场和潜热场进行 EOF分析 ,由感热的第一特征向量场发现 ,中南半岛地区、青藏高原的东北部和印度半岛的大部分是感热通量大值区 ,而海洋上是小值区 ,海陆热力差异十分明显 ,这种海陆感热对比是促使季风爆发的大背景。由感热的时间经度演变图可以看出 ,中南半岛所在经度范围内南北连续的感热分布对南海季风的早爆发具有重要作用。由温度平流项的分布可发现 ,中南半岛的加热作用明显早于青藏高原地区 ,使得中南半岛对南海季风的早期爆发有重要作用 ,而青藏高原对于南海季风的维持具有重要意义。由于印度半岛与中南半岛的海陆分布的差异 ,使得两个地区的温度平流项也有所不同     

1998年东亚夏季风过程的数值模拟(英文)

利用改进的九层 Ｐ－σ模式和 １９９８年南海季风试验从 ５月 １日到 ８月３１日共 １２３天的再分析资料对该年的东亚夏季风进行模拟,发现基本的大气环流形势（南亚高压和西太平洋副高）均能模拟出来,但南亚高压模拟偏强,西太平洋副高模拟偏弱。由时间相关系数分析可以发现,该模式对于短期气候模拟（约２个月）效果较好,对于长期积分,则气候飘移较明显;由空间相关系数分析发现,模拟的较差区域位于青藏高原及其相邻的中南半岛西北部等地区。降水的模拟是较差的,五、六月份能模拟出雨带的大致移动,七、八月份模拟的降水明显较观测场偏北。由敏感性试验的分析结果发现,嵌套边界条件的改善对于降水的模拟影响较大。     

大气季节内振荡：其全球同步性及其与ENSO的关系

利用美国国家环境预报中心和大气研究中心的大气再分析资料，分析研究了大气季节内振荡的年际变化及其与ＥＮＳＯ的关系。揭示了全球不同纬度带之间存在着的大气季节内振荡年际变化的同步性，以及大气季节内振荡与海温和大气向外长波辐射之关系的复杂性。我们还发现大气季节内振荡与Ｎｉｎｏ３指数的关系存在年代际尺度的变化，即，这种关系有时强时弱的现象。     

几个方兴未艾的气候学问题

气候学是大气科学中发展最快的一个分支．文中重点总结了几个有关气候诊断与气候预测问题的研究进展,包括大气环流基本模态、夏季风与ＥＮＳＯ、ＥＮＳＯ预测、季度预测及年代际气候变率     

盐城市雾发生规律及其预报

依据盐城市１９８０￣１９９６年的雾资料进行了气候分析,将雾发生的天气形势归纳为弱高压和气旋倒槽两种类型;在此基础上,对单站要素进行了指标分析,由给出的５条指标采用概率加法原理进行雾发生的分析判断;并在气象信息综合分析处理系统（Ｍｉｃａｐｓ）上建立了春运期间雾预报系统,在实际应用中取得了较好的效果。     

Propagation characteristic of atmospheric responses to abnormal warm SST in the Kuroshio Extension in winter

A complete picture of changes in climate extremes has been presented for Shanxi Province, China using data from all 61 available stations. The results reveal large spatial coherence of trends for the majority of extremes, especially for temperature extremes. Significant and symmetric increasing trends of the annual mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures (TXam, TNam) are detected over the past 50 years. Significant positive trends are detected for warm days and nights (TX90p, TN90p), the highest and lowest maximum and minimum temperatures (TXx, TXn, TNx, TNn), and the growing season length (GSL). Significant negative trends are revealed for cold days and nights (TX10p, TN10p) and frost days (FD). Significant decreases are found in the number of heavy precipitation days (R10mm) and wet day precipitation (PRCPTOT). Although Shanxi and the northern half of North China Plain (NNCP) have been grouped into the North China region and assessed together in previous studies for China, the changes in climate extremes in the NNCP have some pronounced differences in comparison with Shanxi. Noticeably, the increase of the TNam is at a rate nearly three times that of the TXam during 1959–2008 over the NNCP. The warming for the nighttime indices TN90p, TN10p, TNx, and TNn is stronger, but the warming for the daytime indices TX10p, TX90p, and TXx is weaker in the NNCP. There is no significant decrease for R10mm and PRCPTOT in the NNCP.     

Decreasing trend of sunshine hours and related driving forces in Southwestern China

Total hours of sunshine are one of the most important factors affecting climate and environment, and its long-term variation is of much concern in climate studies. Trends of temporal and spatial patterns in sunshine hours and related climatic factors over southwestern China are evaluated for the period 1961–2009 based on data from 111 standard meteorological stations. The results showed that southwestern China is experiencing a statistical decrease of sunshine hours, at the rate of 31.9 h/10a during 1961–2009. The decline was particularly strong in summer, whereas it is nonsignificant in winter. Spatially, statistically significant decreases of sunshine hours mainly occurred in lower altitude regions, especially in the Sichuan basin and Guizhou plateau. Sunshine hours have a high correlation with wind speed, relative humidity, precipitation, cloud cover, surface downwards solar radiation flux, and cloud water content, with wind speed showing the strongest relationship to sunshine hours, implicit in the close correlation (temporally and spatially) between the two variables. Changing water vapor and cloud cover influence sunshine hours in southwestern China. In addition, the increased surface downwards solar radiation flux also made some contribution to a rise of sunshine hours during 1991–2009. The larger decreasing trends of sunshine hours at urban stations than rural stations may reflect the effect of urbanization on sunshine hours. Variations are dominated by the comprehensive functions of multiple factors owing to the complex nature of effects on sunshine hours.     

Comparison of different land-surface perturbation methods in short-range ensemble forecasts

为了比较不同陆面扰动方法对短时集合预报的影响,本研究设计了陆面模式扰动实验(LSMPE),初始土壤湿度扰动实验(ISMPE),陆面-大气耦合系数扰动实验(LCCPE)以及大气扰动对照实验(GEFSPE).结果表明,在三组陆面扰动实验中,LSMPE能代表最大的不确定性且误差最小;ISMPE的离散度要比LCCPE稍大,但是...     

现代别墅群的综合防雷措施浅析

通过对别墅群建筑的特点以及防雷实践工作中遇到的设计施工问题进行分析,就其在分类、接闪、接地、跨步电压、闪电电涌侵入方面提出了相应的防雷措施。