Mapping wetland cover in the greater Himalayan region: a hybrid method combining multispectral and ecological characteristics

In the greater Himalayan region, wetland ecosystems such as lakes, marshes, and peat lands play an important role in regulating the flow of major rivers. These ecosystems are often overlooked and not well represented on land-use planning and conservation maps. Wetland complexes are partly ephemeral and difficult to map accurately either with digital image processing or visual interpretation. This study developed a hybrid method of extracting spatial patterns of wetland areas which combines month-on-month multispectral classifications of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data with a sample wetland extraction method based on knowledge of the spectral characteristics of satellite data and wetland ecological systems. The results were compared with the best available sources for lakes and wetlands on global and national scales. It was demonstrated that the method could extract wetlands automatically to a reasonable degree of accuracy and, therefore, reduce the need for extensive ground knowledge. The model was transferred by adjusting parameters through application of high-resolution satellite data (Landsat) in some sub-basin areas. These findings are cognizant with field interviews conducted by wetland experts. The hybrid method and high-altitude wetlands maps will provide decision makers with valuable information about wetland distribution and change in response to global warming and human activities.     

金川铜镍矿床成矿后的抬升破坏:来自热年代学的证据

以热年代学原理为指导,在以往成岩成矿年龄的基础上,结合矿区内裂变径迹测试结果,认为金川矿床经历了初期的急速抬升冷却、中期(827 Ma±766 Ma±乃至403 Ma)、晚期(308 Ma)和中、新生代的快速折返冷却过程,也遭受了1 508~827 Ma、403~308 Ma两次增温改造事件;而同一样品中相似的磷灰石和锆石裂变径迹年龄表明金川矿区至少在晚白垩纪早期经历了极速的抬升冷却、剥蚀事件。F8断裂西侧的抬升明显慢于其东侧,体现出矿区内抬升速率的差异性,这对找矿预测具有借鉴意义。     

四川盆地南部早古生代海相页岩微观孔隙特征及发育控制因素

利用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、比表面积分析仪对四川盆地南部早寒武世筇竹寺组以及早志留世龙马溪组页岩气储层的微观孔隙类型、结构特征进行了系统研究。四川盆地南部筇竹寺组和龙马溪组页岩气储层微观储集空间类型多样,包括黏土矿物层间孔、有机质孔、晶间孔、矿物铸模孔、次生溶蚀孔等基质孔隙。ESEM和AFM两种方法结合,能客观地反映页岩气储层的微观孔隙结构特征,具有互补性。本区筇竹寺组和龙马溪组页岩气储层以极为发育的微孔为主,为页岩气储层提供了大量孔体积和表面积,但是筇竹寺组页岩比表面积和孔体积都较龙马溪组的小。笔者认为有机碳含量、黏土矿物类型及其含量、干酪根类型及其热演化程度是控制本区筇竹寺组和龙马溪组页岩气储层微观孔隙结构的主要因素,其中,热演化程度的影响最为明显。在一定范围内,热演化程度与比表面积、孔体积与黏土矿物中伊/蒙间层含量具有正相关性,随着热演化程度、有机碳含量、Ⅱ型干酪根含量的增加,表现为微观孔隙数量增加,比表面积和孔体积增大。     

冀中南平原土壤碘地球化学特征研究

对冀中南平原土壤碘的地球化学分布特征及其控制因素的研究表明,冀中南平原滨海盐土和沼泽土中碘含量最高,白洋淀湖泊沼泽相和沧州东部的滨海平原深层土壤碘含量较高,而太行山中段滹沱河冲积扇平原、漳河冲积扇平原深层土壤碘含量较低,显示沉积环境是控制土壤碘区域分布的重要因素。研究认为土壤碘的分布特征受自然因素和人为因素的影响,以自然因素为主,表层土壤碘受到较大的人为因素影响。     

2000—2018年内蒙古长爪沙鼠疫源地地表景观特征及变化

鼠疫疫源地的环境变化对鼠疫的传播扩散具有重要影响。本文基于2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年及2018年五期土地利用和年最大化合成NDVI数据,选取斑块面积占比、景观形状指数、最大斑块比例和斑块破碎度、周长面积分维数、蔓延度指数、多样性指数、均匀指数及聚集指数,定量分析了内蒙古长爪沙鼠疫源地土地利用格局和植被格局的结构特征及演变规律。结果表明：① 2000—2015年,内蒙古长爪沙鼠疫源地内土地利用整体稳定,变化较小,2015年后变化较大,主要表现为不同草地之间的转换。② 2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年NDVI介于（0.056,0.37]的草地在疫源地内占据主体地位,面积占比分别为77.45%、83.61%、83.03%和82.47%。到2018年,该类草地面积显著减少,面积占比下降到48.44%。与之对应,2000—2015年,NDVI介于（0.37,0.83]的草地面积占比为22.54%、16.39%、16.96%和17.4%,而2018年,该类草地的面积显著增加到51.34%。③ 2000—2015年,各草地类别表现出类内高聚集分布,类间分界明显的特征。到2018年,各类别草地向多个方向扩散,并在整个疫源地内趋于均衡分布,植被类内连通性增加,类间分界逐渐平滑。该变化使得内蒙古鼠疫流行风险呈增加态势。本研究对厘清长爪沙鼠疫源地地表景观和生态环境的变化、预测鼠疫潜在风险、预防人间鼠疫暴发具有科学参考价值。     

共享住宿价格的多尺度空间特征及影响因素

以江苏省苏南地区为案例地,获取Airbnb网站房源数据,运用泰尔指数、DBSCAN聚类算法等分析方法,从多尺度视角对共享住宿价格的空间分异进行探讨,采用OLS回归模型和分位数回归模型从房源内部和房源外部相结合的角度对比分析共享住宿价格的影响因素。结果表明：（1）从苏南整体和各地市来看,共享住宿房源价格在城市内部和区县内部的差异较为明显,在城市之间和区县之间的差异较小;（2）不同价格水平共享住宿的空间聚类中心存在显著差异,高、中、低档次共享住宿对于水域的依赖逐渐降低,整体上,空间聚类中心呈现“东多西少,南多北少”分布;（3）共享住宿房源价格是内部属性和外部属性共同耦合驱动作用的结果,对比来看,房源价格受到内部属性如房源卫生间个数等指标的影响较大,受到外部属性的影响较小,同时不同影响因素对于同等价格水平共享住宿房源的作用方向和影响程度存在明显差异性和分层性。     

China's role in attaining the global 2°C target

In the recent climate change negotiations it was declared that the increase in global temperature should be kept below 2°C by 2100, relative to pre-industrial levels. China's CO₂ emissions from energy and cement processes already account for nearly 24% of global emissions, a trend that is expected to keep increasing. Thus the role of China in global GHG mitigation is crucial. A scenario analysis of China's CO₂ emissions is presented here and the feasibility of China reaching a low-carbon scenario is discussed. The results suggest that recent and continued technological progress will make it possible for China to limit its CO₂ emissions and for these emissions to peak before 2025 and therefore that the global 2°C target can be achieved.

Policy relevance

In signing the Copenhagen Accord, China agreed to the global 2°C target. Results from this article could be used to justify low-carbon development policies and negotiations. While many still doubt the feasibility of a low-carbon pathway to support the global 2°C target, the results suggest that such a pathway can be realistically achieved. This conclusion should increase confidence and guide the policy framework further to make possible China's low-carbon development. Related policies and measures, such as renewable energy development, energy efficiency, economic structure optimization, technology innovation, low-carbon investment, and carbon capture and storage (CCS) development, should be further enhanced. Furthermore, China can play a larger role in the international negotiations process. In the global context, the 2°C target could be reaffirmed and a global regime on an emissions mitigation protocol could be framed with countries’ emissions target up to 2050.     

钦州对虾养殖灾害性天气分析和气象服务要领

利用钦江农场养虾基地提供的养殖数据,结合钦州的天气气候资料,从气象角度分析得到,影响钦州对虾养殖主要有五个气象要素和三大灾害性天气,并提出防灾措施和进行虾业气象服务所应掌握的要点和要领。     

三种再分析资料的高空温度与中国探空温度资料的季节平均特征对比分析

利用中国105个测站的探空资料以及NCEP/NCAR、ERA和JRA三种再分析资料,采用线性趋势和EOF分析等多种统计分析方法,对再分析资料的季节平均高空温度在中国区域的可信度进行了分析.结果表明,在数值上,春、夏、秋季的分布形势较为相似,大多表现出NCEP资料在对流层上层与探空资料更为接近,ERA和JRA资料在对流层中下层与探空资料更为接近,而冬季与其他季节差别较大;在描述长期变化趋势方面,不同季节不同资料的情况不一致,特别是夏季我国南部地区的对流层中层存在较大范围的降温趋势;在不同区域上,相比于探空资料,三种再分析资料在我国北方的描述能力比南方好,东部比西部好;在时空变化特征方面,三种再分析资料第一模态的分布在不同季节差异较大,而第二模态的分布在各季节则较为一致,大多表现出整层温度南北反位相变化的特征.     

Estimating groundwater recharge beneath irrigated farmland using environmental tracers fluoride, chloride and sulfate

Accurate recharge estimation is essential for effective groundwater management, especially in the North China Plain, where irrigation return flow is significant to vertical recharge but brings difficulty for recharge estimation. Three environmental tracers (F^?, Cl^? and SO₄ ^2?) were used to estimate vertical recharge based on the mass balance and cumulative methods. Four boreholes were dry-drilled to 5–25 m depth beneath irrigated farmland and one was drilled to 5 m beneath non-irrigated woodland; soil samples were collected in all boreholes at set depths. The results indicated that F^?, Cl^? and SO₄ ^2?were suitable tracers beneath the non-irrigated woodland, yielding recharge rates of 16.9, 18.8 and 19.4 mm/year, respectively. Recharge estimation was not straightforward when taking account of crop type, irrigation and/or fertilizer use. After comparing with previous research, conclusions were drawn: Cl^? was an appropriate tracer for irrigated farmland when taking account of Cl^? input from irrigation and absorption by crops; recharge rates were 65.9–126.8 mm/year. However, F^? was a more suitable tracer for irrigated regions where account is made of the proportion of precipitation to irrigation return flow, provided low F^? concentrations can be measured reliably.