基于遥感和美国碳通量观测数据的GPP模型比较研究

基于遥感和碳通量观测数据,本文采用VPM、EC-LUE、TG、GR、VI和MOD17六个模型估算了五种主要植被类型站点尺度的总初级生产力(GPP)。利用线性相关和定量分析方法评价并比较了上述模型在不同时间尺度上(8天、生长季和年际)的GPP模拟精度。结果表明:1)EC-LUE和VPM模型总体估算精度最高(R20.78);2)森林生态系统中,GPP估算值和实测值在季节和年累积总量上相对误差较小,而在草地和农田系统中,相对误差较大;3)GR、VI和TG模型在森林生态系统GPP估算中模拟精度较高,因其在形式上相对简单,需要的参数和输入数据相对较少,因而适用于大尺度的森林生态系统GPP估算。     

Validity of historical volunteered geographic information: Evaluating citizen data for mapping historical geographic phenomena

Studies on volunteered geographic information (VGI) have focused on examining its validity to reveal geographic phenomena in relatively recent periods. Empirical evaluation of the validity of VGI to reveal geographic phenomena in historical periods (e.g., decades ago) is lacking, although such evaluation is desirable for assessing the possibility of broadening the temporal scope of VGI applications. This article presents an evaluation of the validity of VGI to reveal historical geographic phenomena through a citizen data‐based habitat suitability mapping case study. Citizen data (i.e., sightings) of the black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) were elicited from local residents through three‐dimensional (3D) geovisualization interviews in Yunnan, China. The validity of the elicited sightings to reveal the historical R. bieti distribution was evaluated through habitat suitability mapping using the citizen data in historical periods. The results of controlled experiments demonstrated that suitability maps predicted using the historical citizen data had a consistent spatial pattern (correlation above 0.60) that reflects the R. bieti distribution (Boyce index around 0.90) in areas free of significant environmental change across historical periods. This in turn suggests that citizen data have validity for mapping historical geographic phenomena. It provides supporting empirical evidence for potentially broadening the temporal scope of VGI applications.     

基于InSAR视角对基线精度的影响分析

干涉合成孔径雷达中存在的基线误差会严重影响高程测量的精度问题。由于地球曲率的存在,地物点参考椭球半径在不同纬度地区与星下点的地球半径存在较大的差异,给出了雷达视角与基线的关系式。从雷达临界视角的角度,给出了临界基线的公式。结果表明在一幅影像图上,用一个点的基线值代替整张影像的基线值所产生的误差会传播到DEM以及形变的结果中。     

自然生态遥感监测与分析——以雅安市宝兴县为例

本文以雅安市宝兴县为例,基于三期卫星遥感影像,提取宝兴县地表覆盖信息,开展自然生态遥感监测,介绍了自然生态遥感监测所需资料、方法和技术流程,并对监测结果进行了详细分析。     

Petrogenesis of Cretaceous igneous rocks from the Duolong porphyry Cu–Au deposit,central Tibet: evidence from zircon U–Pb geochronology,petrochemistry and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotope characteristics

The Duolong porphyry Cu–Au deposit (5.4 Mt at 0.72% Cu, 41 t at 0.23 g/t Au) was recently discovered in the southern Qiangtang terrane, central Tibet. Here, new whole‐rock elemental and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope and zircon Hf isotopic data of syn‐ and post‐ore volcanic rocks and barren and ore‐bearing granodiorite porphyries are presented for a reconstruction of magmas associated with Cu–Au mineralization. LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dating yields mean ages of 117.0 ± 2.0 and 120.9 ± 1.7 Ma for ore‐bearing granodiorite porphyry and 105.2 ± 1.3 Ma for post‐ore basaltic andesite. All the samples show high‐K calc‐alkaline compositions, with enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREE) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE: Cs and Rb) and depletion of high field strength elements (HFSE: Nb and Ti), consistent with the geochemical characteristics of arc‐type magmas. Syn‐ and post‐ore volcanic rocks show initial Sr ratios of 0.7045–0.7055, ε_Nd(t) values of −0.8 to 3.6, (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_t ratios of 18.408–18.642, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_t of 15.584–15.672 and positive zircon ε_Hf(t) values of 1.3–10.5, likely suggesting they dominantly were derived from metasomatized mantle wedge and contaminated by southern Qiangtang crust. Compared to mafic volcanic rocks, barren and ore‐bearing granodiorite porphyries have relatively high initial Sr isotopic ratios (0.7054–0.7072), low ε_Nd(t) values (−1.7 to −4.0), similar Pb and enriched zircon Hf isotopic compositions [ε_Hf(t) of 1.5–9.7], possibly suggesting more contribution from southern Qiangtang crust. Duolong volcanic rocks and granodiorite porphyries likely formed in a continental arc setting during northward subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang ocean and evolved at the base of the lower crust by MASH (melting, assimilation, storage and homogenization) processes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

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海底定向技术:原理、结构与应用

海底定向测量技术可为海底观测、原位探测和沉积物取样等海洋地质与地球物理调查提供高精度姿态方位信息,进而拓展海洋科学与工程研究领域.本文系统介绍了自主研发海底磁方位仪的工作原理、技术方法.系统误差分析表明,海底磁方位仪的定向精度与其安装环境中的软磁材料对测点位置地球磁场干扰的情况密切相关.本文针对性的提出一套可行的磁补偿试验方法,有效地消除安装环境中软磁材料对整机定向精度的影响.实际案例和典型应用的分析研究表明,在无电器设备的情况下,整机系统定向精度小于1°.而有电器的设备环境中,定向精度在3~5°范围左右,可满足目前海洋地学调查中对方位信息的测量需求.     

基于卷积神经网络的地震震级测定研究

地震预警震级测定是地震预警系统最重要也是最困难的部分之一.本文提出了基于卷积神经网络的地震预警震级测定方法,将震级测定问题转化为震级分类问题,即将ML＞2.0的震级分成20个不同等级类别处理.收集了福建台网2012-2019年期间记录到福建、台湾海峡及台湾共1928个地震作为研究资料,经过台站记录截取、大震样本增强、标签制作、质量筛选等预处理共得到14644条三分向地震样本记录;构建了3 s波形输入的卷积神经网络震级预测模型,并用2012-2018年震例对模型进行训练,用2019年震例对模型进行测试.结果 表明,单台震级偏差有85.6％可控制在±0.3以内,前三台平均的震级偏差有91.8％可控制在±0.3以内,其中震级较大偏差的事件多为缺乏历史样本.相较于传统方法,该模型测定的震级值更加稳定可靠,可为解决地震预警震级测定这一挑战性难题提供新的技术手段.     

Characteristics of turbulence over the semi-fixed desert area north of Xinjiang,China

As the largest fixed and semi-fixed desert in China, the Gurbantünggüt Desert undergoes a long period of snow cover in the winter and the rapid growth of ephemeral plants in the spring, presenting obvious seasonal changes in the underlying desert surface type, which can lead to variation in the turbulence of the near-surface boundary layer turbulence over the desert. In this study, gradient tower data and eddy covariance data from 2017 were analysed to investigate the turbulence characteristics of the different surface boundary layers in the hinterland of the Gurbantünggüt Desert. The results indicate that stable atmospheric conditions in the desert occur exclusively during the early morning and at night in the desert, and the onset and duration of this stable state varies seasonally. Two regimes of intermittent turbulence occur during the night, a weak turbulent regime that occurs when the wind speed is less than the threshold and a strong turbulent regime when the wind speed exceeds the threshold, and different wind speed thresholds were observed at each level. These parameters follow a seasonal pattern of summer (July) > spring (April) > autumn (October) > winter (January) in terms of magnitude. The mean turbulence intensities of the along-wind, cross-wind and vertical wind are 0.5, 0.47 and 0.14, respectively, with I_u > I_v > I_w. The normalized standard deviation of the wind velocity components (σ_u, σ_v and σ_w) generally satisfies a 1/3 power-law relation. Our results show that the night-time turbulence regime classification for the Gurbantünggüt Desert strongly depends on meteorological and orographic features, and the intermittent turbulent events have the non-stationarity of the flow in common. The results can contribute to the study of land surface processes, climate change and desertification in inland arid desert areas.     

用于地震预警的P波震相到时自动拾取

P波震相的自动拾取可用于地震预警中地震事件判别和地震定位,是实现基于地震台网地震预警的首要条件.针对地震预警中P波震相拾取的特点,本文发展了一套基于长短时平均(STA/LTA)和池赤准则(AIC)算法的多步骤P波自动拾取技术,应用Delaunay三角剖分提出了一种非几何相关的干扰信号剔除方法,并应用福建省数字地震台网记录对方法进行了验证,目前方法已经用到了福建省地震预警试验系统中.