基于城市斑块的空间城市人口潜能模拟——以京津冀为例

城市潜能是城市空间相互作用的一个量化指标,用以表征区域内任一地点所受到的周围所有城市的作用合力。以城市人口规模作为潜能计算指标的城市潜能即为城市人口潜能。由于在地理信息系统中通常以点代表城市的空间位置,以点的属性字段存储城市人口数量,因此,城市人口潜能模拟最便捷的方法是建立基于城市点源数据的空间分析模型,但这种方法存在明显不足:(1)国家基础地理信息数据库中的城市点位经纬度绝大多数与现实中的城市人口质心不吻合;(2)多数城市通常都由空间上相互分离的多个城市用地斑块构成,城市辖区内部的斑块与斑块之间也存在相互作用。本文通过将独立的城市斑块作为基本空间分析单元来设计基于城市人口潜能的模拟技术方案,提出了斑块分层方法,构建了京津冀时间耗费栅格面,通过python建模技术,在ArcGIS平台上实现了对京津冀城市人口潜能的精细化数值模拟。     

The Summer Snow Cover Anomaly over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Association with Simultaneous Precipitation over the Mei-yu–Baiu region

The summer snow anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau （TP） and their effects on climate variability are often overlooked,possibly due to the fact that some datasets cannot properly capture summer snow cover over high terrain.The satellite-derived Equal-Area Scalable Earth grid （EASE-grid） dataset shows that snow still exists in summer in the western part and along the southem flank of the TP.Analysis demonstrates that the summer snow cover area proportion （SCAP） over the TP has a significant positive correlation with simultaneous precipitation over the mei-yu-baiu （MB） region on the interannual time scale.The close relationship between the summer SCAP and summer precipitation over the MB region could not be simply considered as a simultaneous response to the Silk Road pattern and the SST anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean and tropical central-eastern Pacific.The SCAP anomaly has an independent effect and may directly modulate the land surface heating and,consequently,vertical motion over the western TP,and concurrently induce anomalous vertical motion over the North Indian Ocean via a meridional vertical circulation.Through a zonal vertical circulation over the tropics and a Kelvin wave-type response,anomalous vertical motion over the North Indian Ocean may result in an anomalous high over the western North Pacific and modulate the convective activity in the western Pacific warm pool,which stimulates the East Asia-Pacific （EAP） pattern and eventually affects summer precipitation over the MB region.     

近50年中国大陆冬季气温和区域环流的年代际变化研究

利用中国大陆468 个站点1960～2013 年逐日气温资料,本文首先对中国冬季气温的年代际变化特征进行分析。通过气候跃变检验分析发现,中国冬季气温在整体变暖的趋势上叠加有年代际波动,可划分为冷期、暖期和停滞期三个时期。本文对比三个时期的冬季大气环流发现,冷/停滞期（暖）期西风环流减弱（增强）而东亚大槽增强（浅薄）,槽后的辐合下沉增强（削弱）,西伯利亚高压增强（减弱）,这加强（削弱）了东亚冬季风,冷空气更多（少）侵入中国大陆地区,冬季气温偏低（高）。北半球环状模/北极涛动（Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode,NAM/Arctic Oscillation,AO）正是通过东亚冬季风系统对中国冬季气温,尤其是冬季最低气温有很强的年代际影响。太平洋年代际振荡（Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO）与中国冬季气温在年代际上也有很好的正相关关系。进一步将PDO 的年代际变化分量作为背景,分析NAM/AO 和厄尔尼诺—南方涛动（El Nino Southern Oscillation,ENSO）不同配置下的东亚冬季风环流场可以发现,两者的配置作用不仅影响着中国冬季气温一致变化型的年代际波动,而且也可以影响到冬季气温南北反相振荡型的变化,这从一个方面解释了1980 年代和1990年代北方变暖较强及最近十年北方降温趋势较为明显的原因。     

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两种荒漠蓝藻生长特征及其对培养水体微环境的影响

人工生物土壤结皮是近年来新兴的绿色环保固沙材料,是目前沙区生态恢复研究的前沿和热点,用于人工生物土壤结皮培养的荒漠蓝藻等生物体的产量是该技术大规模应用的限制因素。为了解荒漠蓝藻的生长特征及其影响因子,以分离于腾格里沙漠蓝藻结皮中的优势荒漠蓝藻——具鞘微鞘藻(Microcolus vaginatus)和念珠藻(Nostoc carneum)为对象,探索了实验室条件下接种密度对荒漠蓝藻生长和培养水体pH及电导率的影响。结果显示：随着接种密度的增加,具鞘微鞘藻和念珠藻生长进入稳定期的时间提前。在生长初期,具鞘微鞘藻在0.35、0.95 mg·L^-1密度下的干重显著高于2.13、6.59、13.42 mg·L^-1密度下的干重,生长后期则相反。在生长前期和后期,念珠藻在0.04～0.32 mg·L^-1密度下的干重和总质量均显著高于0.86～2.59 mg·L^-1密度下;具鞘微鞘藻在6.59～13.42 mg·L^-1密度下的总质量显著高于0.35～2.13 mg·L^-1     

Have China’s drylands become wetting in the past 50 years?

Recently, whether drylands of Northwest China (NW) have become wetting has been attracting surging attentions. By comparing the Standard Precipitation Evapotranspiration Indices (SPEI) derived from two different potential evapotranspiration estimates, i.e., the Thornthwaite algorithm (SPEI_th) and the Penman-Monteith equation (SPEI_pm), we try to resolve the controversy. The analysis indicated that air temperature has been warming significantly at a rate of 0.4°C decade^?1 in the last five decades and the more arid areas are more prone to becoming warmer. Annual precipitation of the entire study area increased insignificantly by 3.6 mm decade^?1 from 1970 to 2019 but NW presented significantly increasing trends. Further, the SPEI_th and SPEI_pm demonstrated similar wetting-drying-wetting trends (three phases) in China’s drylands during 1970-2019. The common periodical signals in the middle phase were identified both by SPEI_th and SPEI_pm wavelet analysis. Analysis with different temporal intervals can lead to divergent or even opposite results. The attribution analysis revealed that precipitation is the main climatic factor driving the drought trend transition. This study hints that the wetting trend’s direction and magnitude hinge on the targeted temporal periods and regions.     

一种基于RGB特征提取的电子地图载负量计算方法

电子地图以灵活多变的显示形式,可以在不同比例尺下显示与地理环境有关的各种信息,且在一定限度内可进行无级显示.然而,在电子地图缩放过程中如果不对屏幕载负量加以控制,往往容易造成各要素互相挤压,但如果只是对屏幕载负量简单限制又满足不了用户多尺度的需求.因此,为了提高地图信息传输的有效性及可控性,文中提出基于RGB特征提取电子地图载负量的新的计算方法,并进行相关实验分析.     

Exploiting IKONOS and Hyperion data fusion for automated road extraction

We present here the examples that show how fusing data from hyperspectral sensors with data from high spatial resolution sensors can enhance overall road detection accuracy. The fusion of hyperspectral and high spatial resolution data combines their superior respective spectral and spatial information. IKONOS (MSS) and Hyperion images were fused using the principal component analysis (PCA) method. The approach for road extraction integrates multiresolution segmentation and object oriented classification. Road extraction is done from an IKONOS (MSS) image and a Hyperion and IKONOS (MSS) merged image and comparisons are made depending on accuracy and quality measures such as completeness and correctness. This article also emphasises the types of roads which are giving better accuracy of extraction after fusion with hyperspectral image. This can vary because of types of material and condition of roads. The methodology was applied on roads of Dehradun, India.     

不同密度区电子地图多尺度显示模型的建立与应用

从实际应用出发,将地理区域划分为最密区、密集区、中密区和稀疏区4种类型,针对不同区域建立了适合其显示的电子地图多尺度显示模型。研究了基于RGB灰度值的地理区域类型自动判别方法,在定性分析和调查统计的基础上建立了基础地理要素显示分级体系。以我国中原某地区的电子地图为例进行了多尺度显示实验。     

统筹城乡村镇建设管理平台设计与研究

村镇建设是目前中国城市化中重要研究课题。本文阐述了系统建设背最和目标,并对平台总体设计和工作内容进行描述,在确定目标客户情况下进行数据组织和平台功能需求划分,最终指出系统创新点和为未来平台功能扩充预留接口。