富硫型水库沉积物AVS和SEM空间分布特征及重金属风险评价

随着湖库外源性污染的有效控制,沉积物污染特征成为影响湖库水环境质量的关键因素。本文以富硫型水库——汤河水库为研究对象,分析探讨水库沉积物的理化性质、重金属总量、酸可挥发性硫化物(acid volatile sulfide,AVS)和同步提取重金属(simultaneously extracted metals,SEM)的空间分布特征,采用沉积物基准法(sediment quality guidelines, SQGs)和AVS与SEM关系法对重金属可能诱发的生态风险和毒性效应进行评估。结果表明:汤河水库沉积物中AVS含量在0.03~51.75 μmol/g之间,并呈现坝前深水区>东支流库区>西支流库区的空间分布特征。根据Pearson相关性分析可知,汤河水库沉积物AVS含量与间隙水中SO₄^2-浓度、沉积物烧失量(LOI)含量呈显著正相关,与沉积物间隙水中NO₃^-浓度和沉积物pH呈现显著负相关。间隙水中SO₄^2-浓度和沉积物LOI含量是控制AVS产量的重要因素。水库沉积物中ΣSEM变化范围为0.52~2.75 μmol/g,呈现出东支流库区>坝前深水区>西支流库区的分布规律。水库沉积物中ΣSEM/AVS和ΣSEM-AVS的变化范围分别为0.06~22.73和-49.18~2.44 μmol/g,显示出水库坝前深水区表层0~10 cm沉积物不具有生态风险,而东、西支流库区沉积物中的SEM因为不能完全被AVS所固定而存在潜在生态风险。就单一重金属而言,汤河水库坝前深水区和东西支流中部区域沉积物Ni、Cu、Pb和Zn含量均介于临界效应含量(threshold effects level, TEL)值和可能效应含量(probable effect level, PEL)值之间,可产生低级风险毒性效应,但Ni的毒性效应风险接近中级,今后应予以重点关注。富硫型水库沉积物中容易出现高含量AVS,沉积物间隙水中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的浓度是决定沉积物AVS净产量的重要因素。流域内重金属土壤背景值以及工业、采矿产业排放的废水类型直接影响着诱发生态风险的重金属种类。     

高温循环作用后大理岩裂纹扩展试验研究

利用偏光显微镜对经历不同高温循环作用后的细粒大理岩进行观测,通过统计微裂纹长度、开度、数量等参数,探讨不同加热循环次数后岩样内微裂纹的扩展规律。结果表明,（1）经历不同热循环次数作用的岩样,微裂纹的数量和长度均不同,未经热处理岩样内颗粒致密,胶结较好,内部无明显的微裂纹。经历4次热循环作用后岩样内微裂纹发育明显,以晶界裂纹为主,开度和长度均显著增加。岩样经历16次热循环作用后开度持续增大,为55 µm,是4次热循环的4倍;（2）对不同热循环处理后岩样内部发育微裂纹的方向进行了统计,发现微裂纹无明显的方向性,还表明细观切片的取样位置对微裂纹的发育影响不大;（3）线性裂纹密度随热循环次数的增加而增大,经历16次热循环作用后岩样的线性裂纹密度是没有经历热处理岩样的21倍。     

Effects of varying densities on serum reproductive parameters in pen-reared juvenile female rainbow trout <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis> farms

The primary goal of this study was to assess the effect of varying densities on serum reproductive parameters of immature rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Experimental trout were maintained in intensive, pen-reared farms for 300 days in fresh water reservoirs. Initial densities were 4.6, 6.6, and 8.6 kg/m³ (40, 60, 80 ind./m³), indicated as SD1, SD2, SD3, and final densities were 31.1, 40.6, 49.3 kg/m³, respectively. A summary of the ovarian stages were observed by histological examination. Serum E₂ (estradiol), T (testosterone) were evaluated by radioimmunoassay and FSH (follicle-stimulating-hormone), LH (luteinizing-hormone), vitellogenin, 17α,20β-P (17α,20βdihydroxy4-pregnen-3-one) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our findings demonstrated that ovarian development were retarded (from stage III to stage IV) at highest rearing density (SD3) after 180 days of intensive culture (over 40.6 kg/m³). In addition, we observed an inverse relationship between serum reproductive parameters and rearing density. Furthermore, compared to serum reproductive parameters of SD1, E₂, T, FSH, vitellogenin, 17α,20β-P, GSI and LH of two higher density groups decreased firstly and significantly at 60 (over 15.9 kg/m 3 ), 180 (over 31.7 kg/m 3 ), 180 (over 40.6 kg/m³), 240 (over 36 kg/m³), 240 (over 36 kg/m³), 240 (over 45 kg/m³) and 300 (over 49.3 kg/m³) days, respectively. Comparing serum reproductive parameters within the same ovarian development stage of rainbow trout from varying densities revealed that higher population density also led to significantly lower overall serum reproductive parameters. Overall, this study presents the reproductive, endocrinological parameters of juvenile female rainbow trout at high rearing densities and indicates the need for rainbow trout (114.44±5.21 g, 19.69±0.31 cm) that are initially stocked at 6.6 or 8.6 kg/m³ should be classified and subdivided into lower density after 180 days of farming (not over 31.7 kg/m³).     

Numerical simulation on excavation-induced damage of rock under quasi-static unloading and dynamic disturbance

During the excavation of underground opening, the rock may experience a complex loading path that includes the highly confined compression before excavation, unloading of confining stress and further disturbance of dynamic loading after excavation. By using Rock Failure Process Analysis for Dynamics (RFPA-Dynamics), the failure of rock sequentially subjected to this complex loading path is numerically simulated, in order to examine the rock failure mechanism induced by excavation. The RFPA-Dynamics is firstly used to reproduce the failure of rock under confined compression, followed by unloading of confining pressure, and it is validated against with the existing experimental observation. Then, the failure characteristics of rock specimen sequentially subjected to the quasi-static triaxial loading, unloading of confining pressure and dynamic disturbance are numerically simulated, where the effect of magnitude of axial loading and confining pressure, and duration and amplitude of the dynamic disturbance on the final failure patterns of rock are examined. The numerical results indicate that the arc-shaped spalling damage zone is prone to develop with the increase in the axial pressure and lateral pressure coefficient. As for the effect of dynamic disturbance, the contribution of duration and amplitude of dynamic disturbance on the energy input are similar, where the area of damage zone increases with the energy input into the rock specimen. In this regard, the area of the damage zone is influenced by both the magnitude of in situ stress and waveform of dynamic disturbance. This study denotes that it is of great significance to trace the complex loading path induced by excavation in order to capture the rock failure mechanism induced by underground excavation.     

A comparative study of landslide susceptibility mapping using weight of evidence,logistic regression and support vector machine and evaluated by SBAS-InSAR monitoring: Zhouqu to Wudu segment in Bailong River Basin,China

The determining of landslide-prone areas in mountainous terrain is essential for land planning and hazard mitigation. In this paper, a comparative study using three statistical models including weight of evidence model (WoE), logistic regression model (LR) and support vector machine method (SVM) was undertaken in the Zhouqu to Wudu segment in the Bailong River Basin, Southern Gansu, China. Six conditionally independent environmental factors, elevation, slope, aspect, distance from fault, lithology and settlement density, were selected as the explanatory variables that may contribute to landslide occurrence based on principal component analysis (PCA) and Chi-square test. The relation between landslide distributions and these variables was analyzed using the three models and the results then used to calculate the landslide susceptibility (LS). The performance of the models was then evaluated using both the highly accurate deformation signals produced by using the Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar technique and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Results show more deformation points in areas with high and very high LS levels, and also more stable points in areas with low and very low LS levels for the SVM model. In addition, the SVM has larger area under the ROC curve. It indicates that the SVM has better prediction accuracy and classified ability. For the interpretability, the WoE derives the class of factors that most contributed to landsliding in the study area, and the LR reveals that factors including elevation, settlement density and distance from fault played major roles in landslide occurrence and distribution, whereas the SVM cannot provide relative weights for the variables. The outperformed SVM could be employed to determine potential landslide zones in the study area. Outcome of this research would provide preliminary basis for general land planning such as choosing new urban areas and infrastructure construction in the future, as well as for landslide hazard mitigation in Bailong River Basin.     

The effects of asymmetric potential vorticity forcing on the instability of South Asia High and Indian summer monsoon onset

Based on the theory of potential vorticity(PV),the unstable development of the South Asia High(SAH)due to diabatic heating and its impacts on the Indian Summer Monsoon(ISM)onset are studied via a case diagnosis of 1998.The Indian Summer Monsoon onset in 1998 is related to the rapidly strengthening and northward moving of a tropical cyclone originally located in the south of Arabian Sea.It is demonstrated that the rapid enhancement of the cyclone is a consequence of a baroclinic development characterized by the phase-lock of high PV systems in the upper and lower troposphere.Both the intensification of the SAH and the development of the zonal asymmetric PV forcing are forced by the rapidly increasing latent heat released from the heavy rainfall in East Asia and South East Asia after the onsets of the Bay of Bengal(BOB)monsoon and the South China Sea(SCS)monsoon.High PV moves southwards along the intensified northerlies on the eastern side of the SAH and travels westwards on its south side,which can reach its northwest.Such a series of high PV eddies are transported to the west of the SAH continuously,which is the main source of PV anomalies in the upper troposphere over the Arabian Sea from late spring to early summer.A cyclonic curvature on the southwest of the SAH associated with increasing divergence,which forms a strong upper tropospheric pumping,is generated by the anomalous positive PV over the Arabian Sea on 355 K.The cyclone in the lower troposphere moves northwards from low latitudes of the Arabian Sea,and the upper-layer high PV extends downwards and southwards.Baroclinic development thus occurs and the tropical low-pressure system develops into an explosive vortex of the ISM,which leads to the onset of the ISM.In addition,evolution of subtropical anticyclone over the Arabian Peninsula is another important factor contributing to the onset of the ISM.Before the onset,the surface sensible heating on the Arabian Peninsula is very strong.Consequently the subtropical anticyclone which dominated the Arabian Sea in spring retreats westwards to the Arabian Peninsula and intensifies rapidly.The zonal asymmetric PV forcing develops gradually with high PV eddies moving southwards along northerlies on the eastern side of the anticyclone,and a high PV trough is formed in the middle troposphere over the Arabian Sea,which is favorable to the explosive barotropic development of the tropical cyclone into the vortex.Results from this study demonstrate that the ISM onset,which is different from the BOB and the SCS monsoon onset,is a special dynamical as well as thermodynamic process occurring under the condition of fully coupling of the upper,middle,and lower tropospheric circulations.     

老挝万象省爬立山（PHaLek）铁矿床地质特征及成矿作用分析

爬立山铁矿床位于长山褶皱带北西端,是长山成矿带内与岩浆作用有关的一个大型铁矿床。根据野外地质观察及室内对含矿岩体、赋矿围岩和矿石开展的岩相学和地球化学研究发现：与成矿作用有关的花岗质岩石属钙碱系列准铝质的I型花岗岩,成岩的构造环境为火山弧。矿区内发育致密块状磁铁矿、孔洞状赤铁矿、砂砾土状铁矿等3种铁矿石。结合岩（矿）石微量元素分析,认为爬立山铁矿具有复合成矿作用特征,主要可分为3个成矿阶段：早期以与华力西期岩浆侵入作用有关的接触交代成矿作用为主,形成矽卡岩型磁铁矿;其后,在褶皱造山后形成的断陷盆地中,由于火山喷发（溢）作用形成孔洞状熔岩型赤铁矿;最后随着新生代地壳抬升,发生表生物理化学风化成矿作用,形成如今的砂砾土状型铁矿。     

中国地震电磁现象的观测与研究

对近年来中国地震电磁现象(包括地面电磁场、大气电场、地磁脉冲和电离层扰动等)的观测研究进行了重点介绍。     

Emergency responses to water disasters in coalmines,China

Emergency response to water-related disasters is an important part of many coalmine operations in China. It usually consists of both incident prevention measures and rescue counter-plans. In principle, prevention is always the top priority, followed by rescue. The prevention measures relies on thorough understanding of the mine hydrogeology, correct identification of water burst risk levels, and an effective monitoring program for inundations. The emergency rescue is initiated when an accident occurs, and a rescue plan often includes a self-rescue and mutual-rescue program.     

Magnetic Susceptibility in Surface Sediments in the Southern South China Sea and Its Implication for Sub-sea Methane Venting

In order to understand the characteristics of magnetic variability and their possible implication for sub-sea methane venting,magnetic susceptibility (MS) of 145 surface sediment samples from the southern South China Sea (SCS) was investigated.Magnetic particles extracted from 20 representative samples were also examined for their mineral,chemical compositions and micromorphology.Results indicate that MS values range between -7.73×10-8 and 45.06x10-8 m3/kg.The high MS zones occur at some hydrecarbon-bearing basins and along main tectonic zones,and low ones are distributed mainly within the river delta or along continental shelves.Iron concretions and manganese concretions are not main contributors for high MS values in sediments,while authigenic iron sulphide minerals are possibly responsible for the MS enhancement.This phenomenon is suspected to be produced by the reducing environment where the high upward venting methane beneath the seafloor reacts with seawater sulfate,resulting in seep precipitation of highly susceptible intermediate mineral pyrrhotite,greigite and paramagnetic pyrite.It suggests that MS variability is possibly one of the geochemical indicators for mapping sub-sea zones of methane venting in the southern SCS.