大洋热盐环流研究的一个焦点：北太平洋是否有深水形成

现代大洋热盐环流的特点之一是北大西洋有深水形成而北太平洋没有，这种不对称性对周边气候产生了重要影响。尽管理论上认为大洋热盐环流可能存在对应不同气候的多平衡态，但北太平洋是否曾有过深水形成已成为目前学术争论的一个热点。简要介绍了最新的热盐环流研究成果，重点分析现代北太平洋无深水形成的原因，其中亚洲季风的水汽输送和低蒸发是两个重要的影响因子。     

渤海湾盆地石臼坨东428潜山构造成因解析:华北克拉通破坏的深度揭示

渤海湾盆地是在中生代华北克拉通破坏基础上,经由新生代深埋形成的叠合盆地,遭受了多期不同性质构造叠加改造.渤海海域油气资源的勘探逐步走向深层,深部潜山油气藏成为重要的勘探目标.本文以石臼坨东428潜山构造(以下简称428构造)为例,探索渤海湾盆地潜山的形成和构造演化.基于前人对渤海湾盆地内构造和储层特征的研究成果,通过对...     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE ROLE OF VORTICAL AND DIVERGENT COMPONENTS OF WIND STRESS IN ENSO CYCLE

The 1960-1991 monthly mean FSU (Florida State University)wind stress data aredecomposed into a vortical and a divergent component with each of which to force the model oceanin the context of a two-layer tropical Pacific model.Evidence suggests that for the seasonalvariation the ocean forcing does not produce a realistic cold tongue using either of the componentsand the tongue will not be effectively improved in its intensity and pattern even if the componentsare doubled or halved:the utilization of climatic mean wind stress(no decomposition is done of thewind stress)that contains its seasonal variation will lead to a realistic SST distribution on which isimposed,separately,the interannual anomalies of each of the components so as to get the SSTApattern:under the action of the interannual anomaly of the vortical(divergent)component therearises qnite intense SSTA oscillation marked by noticeable ENSO periods(feeble SSTA withhigher oscillation frequency for obscure ENSO periods),thereby illustrating that the roles of thetwo components differ from each other in the genesis of SST variation on a seasonal and aninterannual basis such that a realistic cold tongue pattern follows under the joint effects on themodel ocean of the two components of wind stress while rational E1 Nino/La Nina phenomenaresult under the forcing of an anomalous wind stress vortical component.Moreover,the divergentcomponent is innegligible in generating a mean climatic condition of the ocean sector but of lessimportance compared to the vortical component in ENSO development.     

热带太平洋海气系统内部联系的年代际变化

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和全球海温海冰GISST2.3b资料以及英国CRU提供的南方涛动指数，分析了热带太平洋区域海气系统内部联系的年代际变化特征。结果表明：热带太平洋地区海气年际变化间的相关关系具有显著的年代际变迁；最近50a中，西太平洋地区海温变化与南方涛动的联系存在更为明显的年代际变化，且在IWP与ISO相关关系微弱时，在西太平洋赤道北侧对流层低层，西太平洋海温较暖（冷）时存在反气旋（气旋）环流。这样的高海温-反气旋系统与ENSO时期典型的低海温-反气旋的系统相反，其动力学作用将不利于维持ENSO与西太平洋海温变化间的密切联系。     

夏季105～125°E垂直经圈环流变化特征及其与海温的联系

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,利用质量流函数方案和EOF（empirical orthogonal function,经验正交函数）分解,研究了1979—2006年夏季105～125°E范围垂直经圈环流的变化特征及其与邻近海域海温变化的联系。结果表明：1）在105～125°E区域,夏季北半球Hadley环流明显偏强,和南半球Hadley环流对称出现,形成明显的＂Hadley环流对＂。2）小波分析显示,Hadley环流变化有准2～4a和4～6a周期。近28a来,南半球Hadley环流有南退趋势,北半球Hadley环流逐渐增强,尤其是20世纪90年代中期之前,这种变化较显著。3）105～125°E区域夏季＂Hadley环流对＂的异常和邻近海域海表温度关系密切。无论是IOD（Indian Ocean Dipole）事件还是ENSO均对东亚经圈剖面内＂Hadley环流对＂产生影响,Hadley环流的主要模态EOF1与同期和滞后的SSTA的相关在太平洋上表现出El Nino发展期、盛期的海温分布形态。南半球Hadley环流偏北（南）,北半球Hadley环流减弱（增强）,则到来的冬季的El Nino（La Nina）发展,这对ENSO事件具有一定的预报意义。IOD事件对南半球Hadley环流的影响是显著的,当负IOD事件时,南半球Hadley环流减弱,但正IOD事件时并未显著相反。     

近30a来北半球对流层大气月均环流的涡动减弱现象

利用1980-2009年NCEP／NCAR月平均再分析资料,研究了在全球变暖背景下北半球对流层大气涡动减弱现象。结果表明：北半球涡度拟能30a来整体呈减弱趋势,在北太平洋地区和极地减弱尤为显著,12．5～50°N为影响北半球大气涡动变化的关键区域。由于对流层200hPa以下大气的增暖,特别是中高纬地区显著增暖,减弱了经向温度梯度,使得副热带西风急流的强度亦呈减弱趋势。这与涡度拟能的变化有显著的正相关关系。分析了北半球正压Rossby波动诊断量E和热量经向涡动通量的变化,表明中纬度波能传播在不同地区有不同趋势,而热量的经向涡动输送与涡度拟能的变化也呈现显著的正相关关系,减弱明显。研究结果对深刻认识大气环流变化规律和理解全球变暖的可能影响具有重要意义。     

梅雨锋上两类中尺度对流系统形成的边界层特征

采用具有较高时空分辨率的地面观测资料以及WRF（Weather reasearch and forecasting）模式输出资料,分析了2009年6月29一-30日梅雨锋暴雨过程中两类不同的中尺度对流系统（rnesoscale convective system,MCS）边界层特征及边界层对两类MCS的触发维持机理,重点分析了海平面气压场特征、边界层冷池、干线及其在MCS中的影响。结果表明：两类中尺度对流系统的海平面气压特征存在着明显的差异,对流爆发阶段地面风场存在辐合线,再次激发阶段气压场呈“跷跷板”型的中尺度扰动,即由前置中低压和后置中高压组成,最强的对流带位于中低压和中高压之间的过渡区内;边界层辐合线是第一类中尺度对流系统（MCSl）维持的重要因素;MCSl爆发后边界层冷池生成,冷池前的冷出流与低层环境风产生的强辐合触发了第二类中尺度对流系统（MCS2）;存在于中低压和中高压之间的中尺度干线是MCS2的重要特点之一。     

COMPARISONS OF CIRCULATION ANOMALIES BETWEEN THE DAILY PRECIPITATION EXTREME AND NON-EXTREME EVENTS IN THE MIDDLE AND LOWER REACHES OF YANGTZE RIVER IN BOREAL SUMMER

Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset and in situ meteorological observations of daily precipitation in boreal summer from 1979 to 2008, the features of circulation anomalies have been investigated using the composite analysis for the extreme events and non-extreme events of regional mean daily rainfall(RMDR) occurring over the midand lower- Yangtze valley(MLYV). The extreme RMDR(ERMDR) events are the events at and above the percentile99 in the rearranged time-series of the RMDR with ascending order of rainfall amount. The non-extreme RMDR events are those at the percentiles 90-85 and 80-75 separately. Our results suggest that the threshold value is 25 mm/day for the ERMDR at percentile 99. Precipitation at all the percentiles is found to occur more frequently in the Meiyu rainfall season in MLYV, and the ERMDR events have occurred with higher frequency since the 1990 s. For the percentiles-associated events, the MLYV is under the control of an anomalous cyclonic circulation in the mid- and lower- troposphere with vastly different anomalous circulation at higher levels. However, at both low and high levels, the ERMDR events-related anomalous circulation is stronger compared to that linked to the non-ERMDR events. The dominant sources of water vapor differ between the ERMDR and non-ERMDR events. During the ERMDR events plentiful water vapor is transported from the Bay of Bengal into the MLYV directly by divergence while there is distinctly increased water vapor from the South China Sea(SCS) in non-RMERMDR episodes. The diabatic heating rates < Q1>, < Q2> and< Q1>- < Q2> have their anomalous patterns and are consistent with each other for these percentiles but their strength decreases markedly with the drop of rainfall intensity. For the precipitation at percentiles 99 and 90-85, the sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) in the Pacific distribute positively(negatively) in the south(north), and are stronger when the ERMDR emerges, with little or no SSTA as the events at percentile 80-75 occur. Besides, these results suggest that the genesis of the ERMDR event is directly related to intense local circulation anomalies and the circulation anomalies over the Pacific and SCS in tropical to mid-latitudes, and probably linked with the Pacific SSTA closely while the non-ERMDR events are mainly associated with the anomalous circulation on a local basis. The findings here help understand and predict the happening of ERMDR events over the MLYV.     

夏季长江中下游流域性极端日降水事件的环流异常特征及其与非极端事件的比较

利用1979—2008年夏季(6—8月)的NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日资料与中国743测站的逐日降水资料,对长江中下游地区流域性极端降水(99百分位,也称为极端强降水)、85～90百分位、75～80百分位降水事件进行合成分析,比较了不同百分位降水事件的环流异常特征。结果表明:长江中下游地区流域性极端日降水量的99百分位阈值为25 mm/d。各类降水事件在梅雨汛期出现频率较高。1990年代以后的极端日降水事件明显偏多。在各百分位降水事件中,在对流层中、低层,长江中下游地区均受气旋性异常环流控制,但对流层高层异常环流特征明显不同。无论在低层还是高层,极端事件的异常环流比非极端事件的异常环流强。不同百分位降水事件的水汽主要来源亦有所不同。极端降水事件中,由孟加拉湾直接辐散至长江流域的水汽较强,而在非极端降水事件中,则是来自南海地区的水汽明显偏强。非绝热加热率、与-的异常分布在各百分位降水事件中的分布较为一致,但强度随降水强度的减小而明显减小。另外,极端日降水事件与85～90百分位的降水事件在太平洋上都存在着北负南正的海温分布,但极端降水事件相应的海温异常明显偏强。而在75～80百分位降水事件中,海温并未出现明显异常。说明极端日降水事件的形成与较强的局地环流异常、与中纬度和热带西太平洋-南海区域的环流异常直接相关,与太平洋海温异常存在可能的密切联系,而非极端事件则主要与局地性异常环流有关。这些结果有利于人们认识和预测极端日降水事件的发生。     

GRAPES Hybrid-3DVar对台风苏迪罗的数值试验

为了把反映天气形势变化的背景误差协方差引入到变分分析系统中来提高分析质量,本文在GRAPES区域三维变分框架的基础上通过扩展控制变量方法实现动态与静态背景误差协方差耦合,建立混合三维变分分析系统（GRAPES Hybrid-3DVar）。通过控制变量扰动产生的集合样本进行单点观测分析试验验证Hybrid-3DVar及其局地化方案的合理性,并针对台风苏迪罗进行实际观测资料同化和数值预报试验,结果表明:用集合样本描述的背景误差协方差是随着天气流型变化的,动力场和质量场的离散度在台风中心处最大,因而混合同化的分析增量包含更多细微结构和中小尺度信息;其分析和24 h内预报要素质量优于3DVar,24 h内降水强度和落区预报也更准确,混合同化分析改善了3DVar分析的降水空报问题;同时混合同化分析的24 h内台风路径预报也最接近实况,台风强度预报在48 h之内都比3DVar更接近观测。