四川地区一维地壳速度模型研究

本文以四川地震台网2009~2014年的编目报告为基础,选择定位精度为1且记录台站数大于30的地震,筛选去除其中因定位深度误差或者空隙角偏大而造成的异常结果,验证了数据的合理性和稳定性;优选出47个地震,对其重新判读,结合折合走时调整以及Hyposat批处理方法,得到了适应四川地区地震的平均速度模型;并利用人工爆破事件、PTD方法的地震定位结果进行对比,分析使用不同模型时的结果差异。     

利用自洽方程计算法分析天山中段分量钻孔应变资料可靠性

根据天山中段8套四分量钻孔应变仪观测资料,利用自洽方程计算应变观测的信度,用信度指标检验数据的可靠性,从而进一步用自洽方程计算实际各元件灵敏度的相对大小,并用相对标定的结果,对观测数据进行校正。结果表明:①石场、巴仑台、巴音沟、雀儿沟、榆树沟和库米什台经过校正后,数据观测信度有了明显提升,其中石场和雀儿沟台的数据信度最高;②库米什台校正前数据观测信度较高,因个别“坏点”影响,校正后,观测信度反而下降;③小泉沟和新源台数据信度较低,存在从自洽到失洽的情况,分析认为这可能与系统自身存在问题有关,也有可能是前兆异常,有待进一步研究。     

考虑Hansbo渗流的二维Biot固结有限元分析

为进一步深入研究弹性饱和黏性土地基的二维固结机制,引入Hansbo渗流方程描述固结过程中的非达西渗流,修正Biot二维固结方程。基于加权残数法,给出相应的有限元数值求解格式。通过和饱和黏性土一维非达西渗流固结理论有限体积法数值结果的对比,证明数值计算方法的有效性。在此基础上,探讨Hansbo渗流参数对二维地基固结进程的影响。计算结果表明,在固结初期,Hansbo渗流将增强Mandel-Cryer效应,增大孔压的峰值,并延长孔隙水压力达到峰值的时间;在固结中后期,整个土层存在孔隙水压力滞后现象。同时,Hansbo渗流将阻碍地基沉降的发展。而且,上述影响会随着Hansbo渗流参数的增大而更加明显。     

利用限制性最大似然方法和贝叶斯方法估计大菱鲆生长性状的遗传参数。

Bayesian and restricted maximum likelihood(REML) approaches were used to estimate the genetic parameters in a cultured turbot Scophthalmus maximus stock. The data set consisted of harvest body weight from 2 462progenies(17 months old) from 28 families that were produced through artificial insemination using 39 parent fish. An animal model was applied to partition each weight value into a fixed effect, an additive genetic effect, and a residual effect. The average body weight of each family, which was measured at 110 days post-hatching, was considered as a covariate. For Bayesian analysis, heritability and breeding values were estimated using both the posterior mean and mode from the joint posterior conditional distribution. The results revealed that for additive genetic variance, the posterior mean estimate( δ_a~2=9 320) was highest but with the smallest residual variance,REML estimates( δ_a~2=8 088) came second and the posterior mode estimate( δ_a~2=7 849) was lowest. The corresponding three heritability estimates followed the same trend as additive genetic variance and they were all high. The Pearson correlations between each pair of the three estimates of breeding values were all high,particularly that between the posterior mean and REML estimates(0.996 9). These results reveal that the differences between Bayesian and REML methods in terms of estimation of heritability and breeding values were small. This study provides another feasible method of genetic parameter estimation in selective breeding programs of turbot.     

景观指数的并行计算方法

随着地理信息科学和系统的发展,GIS数据的时空分辨率和数据量呈现爆炸式的增长趋势。传统的基于个人计算机的景观指数计算软件难以有效快速地完成海量数据的空间分析。针对该问题,本文提出了一个高效的景观指数并行计算方法。首先对原有的并查集连通域标记算法进行了2点改进：① 在第2次遍历数据时,增加了计算斑块面积、周长等斑块基本信息的功能,为景观指数的计算提供必要参数;② 在第2次遍历过程中,增加了重新标记连续序号的功能,减少了原有算法在合并操作后造成的序号不连续,需要重新遍历数据的开销。在此基础上,本文利用MPI并行编程库,采用数据分割和主从进程协同的并行计算模式实现了景观指数的并行计算。实验表明,在保证计算正确性的基础上,本文的并行算法大幅度提高了景观指数的计算性能,为快速分析大规模数据的景观形态和格局提供了有效手段。     

石膏矿区采空地面塌陷易发性分区与监测预警研究

邳州市邳北石膏矿区采空地面塌陷日益严重,为防治地质灾害,市政府于2016年进行了石膏矿区采空地面塌陷专项地质灾害防治规划。通过分析矿区已有资料、分析已发塌陷点和现场调查,阐述了采空区地面塌陷的特点与危害,并采用模糊综合评判方法对地面塌陷的易发性进行了分区。根据分区结果,结合人员密集程度,提出了区域采空区综合治理和地面塌陷地质灾害防治监测预警的措施和方法,为地质灾害防治工作提供依据。     

孔隙岩样动电特性的实验研究

本文针对流体饱和孔隙介质的动电效应,在实验室内进行了小岩样的动电实验(流动电势实验)测量,获得了10块岩样在6种不同饱和浓度下的流动电势系数,进而分析了饱和溶液浓度、岩样渗透率和泥质含量对流动电势系数的影响,探讨了流动电势系数对上述参数的敏感性,并进一步给出了流动电势系数随这些参数的变化规律.实验结果表明:前人流动电势系数频响曲线中的凹点现象是由实验装置的共振引起,并非岩样动电效应的自身特性.实验还发现:孔隙介质的动电耦合能力与溶液浓度有关,流动电势系数随溶液浓度增大而减小,但在很高浓度溶液中,动电现象依然存在,流动电势系数趋于常数.此外,流动电势系数对地层参数(渗透率和泥质含量)的敏感性受溶液浓度影响较大,随着溶液浓度增大,敏感性降低.因此,可在低浓度饱和情况下(低于0.4mol/L),利用流动电势系数的幅度对地层渗透率进行直接评价.本文结果对动电测井的可行性及应用条件给出了实验说明.     

黄河三角洲滨海地区植物生长季大气氮沉降动态

利用SCJ-302型降水降尘自动采样器在植物生长季对黄河三角洲滨海湿地的大气氮沉降进行监测,对沉降物中水溶性离子、干、湿沉降氮输入量、铵态氮和硝态氮在总沉降量中的贡献率及月变化动态等分析表明：黄河三角洲植物生长季,大气干、湿沉降中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-占阴离子总量的92%以上,和Na⁺和Ca²⁺占阳离子总量的80%以上,总N沉降量约为2 264.24 mg/m²,且69%集中在降雨量较丰沛的6-8月。其中干沉降氮贡献率约为32.02%,主要集中在春季。N的湿沉降量与降雨量呈显著正线性相关（R²=0.82）,在降雨量丰沛的8月,达到最大值675.64 mg/m²。该地区大气干沉降的氮素形态以硝态氮为主,约占氮素输入量的57.21%,湿沉降中以铵态氮为主,约占氮素输入量的56.51%。植物生长季中,大气沉降中的硝态氮与铵态氮含量对表层10 cm土壤的月平均贡献率分别为约31.38%和20.50%,可见大气氮沉降是黄河三角洲滨海区域土壤主要氮素来源之一。     

Spatial energy efficiency patterns and the coupling relationship with industrial structure:A study on Liaoning Province,China

Using a sample of 14 prefecture-level cities in Liaoning Province, this study first explored the spatial hierarchy and structural characteristics of energy efficiency from the following three viewpoints: energy technical efficiency based on data envelopment analysis, energy consumption per unit of GDP, and energy utilization efficiency combining the previous two indexes. After measuring and analyzing the advancement, rationality, and concentration of the industrial structure in each city, we made some generalizations about the coupling features of the energy efficiency and industrial structure in Liaoning, using the coupling degree rating model. Some of our conclusions are as follows: (1) The 14 cities differ significantly in their energy efficiency, with Shenyang, Dalian, Anshan, and Jinzhou enjoying the highest energy efficiency. Northwestern Liaoning and other heavy-industrial cities such as Fushun and Benxi belong to low-efficiency and high-consumption areas. (2) In areas with higher efficiency, the spatial patterns of the energy technical efficiency, energy consumption per unit of GDP, and energy utilization efficiency are, respectively, "π"-,"Ⅱ"- and "H"- shaped. Geographically, the energy utilization efficiency shows different trends from east to west and from north to south. Factors such as the binuclear structure of economic development have a major effect on this spatial pattern of energy efficiency. (3) Southeastern Liaoning enjoys a highly advanced industrial structure. Areas with a highly rational industrial structure form an “H” shape, with Shenyang and Dalian at the two poles. The urban agglomerations in middle and southern Liaoning have a highly concentrated industrial structure. (4) Overall, the coupling between energy efficiency and industrial structure is low in Liaoning, except for Shenyang and Dalian at both ends, where the coupling between an advanced industrial structure and energy efficiency is higher than in other cities.     

象山港海岸带景观生态风险演变研究

海岸带景观是沿海地区社会经济可持续发展的基础,研究人类活动影响下的海岸带景观生态风险演变对海岸带景观规划与景观资源的合理开发具有重要意义。本文基于1990—2010年间3期的Landsat TM/ETM+遥感数据源,结合野外实地调查,研究了象山港海岸带景观生态风险及其变化趋势。结果表明: (1)20 a间,象山港海岸带景观格局发生显著变化,耕地、海域和林地等景观类型面积呈下降趋势,而建设用地、未利用地和养殖用地不断增加;(2)1990年以来,象山港海岸带景观生态风险等级有不断增高趋势,部分低、较低等级生态风险区演变为中等级以及较高等级;(3)从不同等级生态风险区的空间分布上看,1990年以来海岸带景观低和较低等级生态风险区空间分布在沿海地区减少,而中等、较高和高生态风险区在沿海地区不断形成并向陆侧扩张。从演化速率上看,近10 a的较高和高生态风险区面积增加速率较前10 a显著加快。