线性化物理过程对GRAPES 4DVAR同化的影响

线性化物理过程能够改善四维变分同化中极小化收敛的稳定性和增加极小化过程中对大气物理过程和动力更加精确的描述,它是四维变分同化中非常重要的一部分。通过在GRAPES全球模式中研究线性化物理过程,尤其是两个湿线性化物理过程,改善切线性模式预报精度,来提高GRAPES全球四维变分同化的分析和预报效果。线性化物理过程的开发首先需要简化原非线性化物理过程中的强非线性项,然后对线性化物理过程进行规约化,以抑制切线性扰动的异常增长。目前GRAEPS全球模式中的线性化物理过程主要包括次网格尺度地形参数化、垂直扩散、积云深对流和大尺度凝结。线性化物理过程预报精度的检验方法是通过选择合适大小的初始扰动（同化分析增量）,来比较非线性模式和切线性模式中的扰动演化的纬向平均误差。然后以绝热版本的切线性模式为基础,通过冬、夏两个个例试验来分别检验4个线性化物理过程的12 h预报效果。试验结果表明,通过添加次网格地形参数化和垂直扩散两个干线性化物理过程方案,可以有效抑制住绝热版本切线性模式低层扰动的异常增长,大幅度改善切线性模式预报效果。通过添加积云深对流和大尺度凝结两个湿线性化物理过程,可以在热带区域和中、高纬度地区提高切线性模式中湿变量和温度变量的近似精度,提高GRAPES全球四维变分同化的分析和预报效果。      

降水现象仪观测应用评估

利用2017年9月至2018年8月北京20个站降水现象仪采集数据与人工平行观测数据,对降水现象仪进行了对比评估。结果表明:降水现象仪的缺测率为0.01%,空报率为0.6%,捕获率为93.5%,漏报率为27.9%,错报率为10.0%。从统计结果可知,降水现象仪的缺测率、空报率较低,捕获率较高,体现出设备性能良好的一面,漏报率和错报率偏高,表明设备漏识别和错误识别的情况较多,漏报主要发生在弱降水过程中,错报主要出现在毛毛雨的识别上。设备测量和人工观测降水开始时间一致性较好,终止时间一致性偏差;降水现象仪现存问题:在大雨强时易出现雨滴叠加误识别,在小雨强时识别率会降低,在无降水错误输出降水现象方面缺少质控。     

高速铁路和城市蔓延对雾霾污染的异质性影响

为了探寻高铁开通能否抑制雾霾污染以及这种抑制作用在不同城市空间形态下是否存在异质性,本文首先分析了高铁和城市蔓延对雾霾污染的作用机制,在利用LandScan数据测算2003-2016年中国281个地级市城市蔓延指标的基础上,采用动态空间面板模型检验了城市蔓延与雾霾污染的空间动态关系.借助双重差分(DID)模型验证了高铁...     

新建煤矿区循环经济发展探讨——以河南省新郑煤矿为例

新建煤矿发展循环经济是避免"三农四矿"问题的有效途径.在研究煤炭产业循环经济发展模式的基础上,以正在建设中的新郑煤矿区为例,运用SWOT方法分析了其社会经济基础,提出了目标、指标体系、总体框架和发展模式,并从区域可持续发展的角度提出了新建煤矿区在初期可按"煤-电-建"的模式发展,中后期可按"煤化工"的模式发展,并在企业、园区和社会3个层面建立循环型工业体系、循环型农业体系、资源节约型社会体系和绿色社区体系四大循环体系,为其他新建煤矿区的发展提供借鉴和示范作用.     

广东三水盆地西缘横江铅锌矿床的成矿时代及新生代找铜前景

近年来,在广东三水盆地及其西缘三洲盆地中,先后发现了长坑大型金矿床和富湾超大型银矿床及横江、茶山等铅锌矿床。为了查明横江铅锌矿床的成矿时代,文章采用了两种不同的方法,在两个不同的实验室内,分别测得该矿床中石英的形成年龄为35Ma(流体包裹体Rb_Sr等时线法)和36~39Ma(40Ar/39Ar快中子活化法),两者基本一致。这表明多金属成矿作用发生在渐新世,晚于长坑金矿床和富湾银矿床。最近,在横江铅锌矿床中发现铜的含量也很高。矿石中金属矿物主要是黄铜矿、辉铜矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿。因此,铜矿化的存在与富集,为三水盆地及其周边地区贵金属和有色金属的地质找矿提供了重要的新线索,同时也为在其他盆地区寻找有色金属矿床打开了新的思路。     

闽西南地区块状硫化物矿床的喷流-沉积成矿作用

通过对闽西南地区石炭纪—早二叠世主要块状硫化物矿床的区域成矿背景、贮矿层位特征以及矿石矿物成分、结构构造,硫同位素地球化学特征、成矿温度等分析研究,指出该地区石炭纪—早二叠世块状硫化物矿床的形成多与海底火山活动有关,贮矿层中伴有典型的喷流沉积岩—硅质岩,并提出闽西南地区块状硫化物矿床存在海底喷流-沉积成矿作用的新认识。     

The conservation patterns of grassland ecosystem in response to the forage-livestock balance in North China

Being a key ecological security barrier and production base for grassland animal husbandry in China,the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure in North China directly affects grassland degradation and restoration,thereby impacting grassland ecosystem services.This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal variation in grassland vegetation coverage,forage supply,and the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure from 2000 to 2015 in North China.We then discuss the spatial pattern of grassland ecological conservation under the impacts of grassland degradation and restoration,and livestock-carrying pressure.Over the last 16 years,the total grassland area in North China decreased by about 16,000 km2,with vegetation coverage degraded by 6.7％ of the grasslands but significantly restored by another 5.4％ of grasslands.The provisioning of forage by natural grassland mainly increased over time,with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.3 kg/ha,but livestock-carrying pressure also increased continuously.The livestock-carrying pressure index without any supplementary feeding reached as high as 3.8.Apart from the potential livestock-carrying capacity in northeastern Inner Mongolia and the central Tibetan Plateau,most regions in North China are currently overloaded.Considering the actual supplementary feeding during the cold season,the livestock-carrying pressure index is about 3.1,with the livestock-carrying pressure mitigated in central and eastern Inner Mongolia.Assuming full supplementary feeding in the cold season,livestock-carrying pressure index will fall to 1.9,with the livestock-carrying pressure alleviated significantly in Inner Mongolia and on the Tibetan Plateau.Finally,we propose different conservation and development strategies to balance grassland ecological conservation and animal husbandry production in different regions of protected areas,pastoral areas,farming-pastoral ecotone,and farming areas,according to the grassland ecological protection patterns.     

磷矿石中磷、钙、镁、锶、氟测定方法评述

本文系统分析了磷矿石高含量磷、钙、镁、锶、氟诸元素存在时对其测定的相互影响及其测定中存在的问题,比较全面地总结了国内分析工作者针对该问题,对诸难测元素在常规分析方法方面的工作进展。     

Numerical flow and performance analysis of a water-jet axial flow pump

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the performance and three-dimensional flow fields in a water-jet pump. TASCflow is employed to simulate the rotator-stator coupling flow field. A standard k-ε turbulence model combined with standard wall functions is used. In order to investigate the effect of a rear stator on flow fields, the flows in two water-jet pumps with and without a rear stator are studied. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-predicted overall performances are in good agreement with the experimental results. Then the flow fields, such as the pressure distribution on the blade surfaces, and the axial and tangential velocity distribution, especially the radial loading distribution, are investigated at different flow rates. In addition, the effects of a rear stator and different spacings between the rotor and the stator on the overall performance and the flow fields of the water-jet pump are also investigated.     

Comparison of ecophysiological characteristics between introduced and indigenous mangrove species in China

Due to its rapid growth, the introduced mangrove species Sonneratia apetala from Bangladesh has been widely used in mangrove restoration in southeastern China since 1985. As an indigenous mangrove species in Hainan, China, Sonneratia caseolaris was also planted in Guangdong Province for afforestation purposes. Both species have developed well in their new habitats, but their ecophysiological differences with the native mangrove species have not been studied. In this study, leaf gas exchange, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of two Sonneratia species were compared with those of selected native mangrove species (Avicennia marina, Aegiceras corniculatum, Kandelia candel, and Excoecaria agallocha) in Hainan and Shenzhen. The introduced S. apetala maintained lower carbon assimilation rate (A) and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) than the indigenous S. caseolaris. In Shenzhen, the two introduced Sonneratia had comparable photosynthetic rates and water use efficiency (WUE) with the native mangrove species, except that PNUE in S. caseolaris was significantly higher than in the native mangrove species. The two Sonneratia species showed significant overlap in PNUE and long-term WUE. Photosynthetic parameters derived from leaf photosynthetic light–response curves and A–C_i curves also suggested lower carbon assimilation capacities for the introduced Sonneratia than for the native mangrove species in both study sites. The lower light compensation point (LCP) of two introduced Sonneratia in both study sites also indicated a better adaptation to a low light regime than the native mangrove species. The results of photosynthetic capacities indicated that the introduced mangrove species have little competitive advantage over local native mangrove species in their respective new habitats.