遥感干旱应用技术进展及面临的技术问题与发展机遇

干旱是全球各地区普遍存在的一种气候现象,也是对人类社会影响最为严重的一种自然灾害。全球气候变化和社会发展加剧了干旱的影响程度,增强了干旱灾害的风险,给全球农业、水资源、生态环境安全以及社会可持续发展造成巨大威胁,提高干旱监测和早期预警技术水平是应对、管理干旱和减轻干旱脆弱性的基础。近30 a来随着全球对地观测技术的迅速发展,卫星遥感监测干旱技术取得很大进步,在全球干旱监测和早期预警中发挥着不可替代的作用。但是,干旱是多学科交叉的复杂问题,其发展过程缓慢、时间和空间表现特征差异很大,遥感监测干旱技术在应用中还存在许多技术问题,对抗旱防灾提供支撑的力度仍不够。本文在简要总结卫星遥感监测干旱应用技术的基础上,对各种指数(模型)应用中存在的问题进行评述,指出卫星遥感干旱监测面临的主要技术问题和未来发展机遇;针对我国卫星遥感干旱应用现状,提出了亟待解决的主要问题和应该努力的方向。     

添加剂对KAlSi_3O_8-CaSO_4-CaCO_3体系反应表观活化能的影响

首先测定了KAlSi3O8-CaSO4-CaCO3体系在不同焙烧条件下钾长石转化成可溶性氧化钾的转化率,进而通过模拟计算表明:KAlSi3O8-CaSO4-CaCO3体系的固相扩散动力学过程符合金斯特林格动力学方程,反应表观活化能Ea为128.92kJ/mol。并着重考察了4种添加剂Na2SO4、Na2SO3、NaCl和NaF对KAlSi3O8-CaSO4-CaCO3体系的影响,结果表明:向体系中分别加入占反应物总质量3%的Na2SO4、Na2SO3、NaCl和1%的NaF后,体系的反应表观活化能Ea从原来的128.92kJ/mol依次下降至87.15、98.71、117.38和126.14kJ/mol,这表明4种添加剂中Na2SO4的效果最好,它能较大程度上降低反应表观活化能,从而降低反应温度和提高固相反应速率。     

北京平原区水源热泵应用适宜区划分

北京市水源热泵的应用,宏观上未充分考虑地下水水源地的分布,微观上未注重应用场地的水文地质条件,地下水回灌率低造成了水资源浪费。本文针对北京平原区的水文地质条件,以浅层含水层导水系数、有效导水系数、地下水中的铁和总硬度为评价因子,以水源地保护区及补给区、地面沉降中心区为约束因子,利用叠加分析技术,将平原区分为适宜发展区、较适宜发展区、限制发展区和禁止发展区,为水源热泵的理性推广提供了技术参考。     

重力驱动作用——滦平盆地下白垩统西瓜园组沉积时期主要的搬运机制

通过对冀北滦平盆地下白垩统西瓜园组沉积地层的实地考察,发现盆地内发育丰富的重力驱动作用沉积物。文中描述西瓜园组发育的滑动和滑塌现象,指出露头剖面中存在的挤压变形现象并非构造成因,而是由于滑动块体和滑塌块体前端的挤压应力环境造成的。在介绍西瓜园组重力流沉积发育环境的基础上,对露头中存在的若干重力流沉积进行了描述,并使用砂质碎屑流这一概念对这些现象进行了较为合理的成因解释。通过对滑动和滑塌(重力块体运动)和砂质碎屑流—浊流(重力流)沉积物研究,结合前人对该地区冲积扇—扇三角洲的研究成果,认为重力驱动作用是滦平盆地下白垩统西瓜园组沉积时期主要的搬运机制。     

A geochemical survey of trace elements in agricultural and non-agricultural topsoil in Dexing area,China

In China, soil pollution is very serious, which has jeopardized the ecology, food safety, the people's health, and even the sustainable development of agriculture. In order to investigate the soil pollution situation, a total of 874 agricultural and non-agricultural topsoil samples were collected from Dexing area, northeast of Jiangxi Province, China. The total elemental concentrations of 17 elements (As, Hg, Mo, Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ti, Pb, Fe, Ca, K, Si, Al, Mg, and Na) were determined. The geochemical background and threshold was predicted with the method of the median ± median absolute deviation (MAD). The agricultural soil median concentration of trace elements was similar to that of the non-agricultural soil. In contrast to Jiangxi soil background of trace elements, the geochemical background of the study area was obviously higher. The maps of the pollution indices for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Ti and Zn of non-agricultural soil and agricultural soils in the study area, showed that the highest level of pollution is distributed near and along the Lean River, especially in the neighboring and surrounding Dexing and Leping mining area.     

Recent catastrophic debris flows in Luding county, SW China: geological hazards, rainfall analysis and dynamic characteristics

About 127 debris flow gullies have been identified, and debris flows have been an important type of geological hazards in Luding County, affecting cities, towns, rural areas, scenic spots and human’s engineering projects, such as mining and waterpower utilizing equipments. In this summary paper, recent two catastrophic debris flow events occurred on June 30, 2005, in Chuni town, in the central of the county, and on August 11, 2005, in Hailuogou scenic spot, in the southwest of the county, respectively, are reviewed. The debris flow events are introduced on the basis of field investigation and RS interpretation and the triggering factors for flow occurrence are identified. Furthermore, the rainfall related to flow occurrence including antecedent rainfall and intraday rainfall is analyzed, and a power-law function which can be used as a basic warning line is established based on both antecedent effective rainfall and intraday rainfall. Then dynamic parameters such as flow velocity and flow discharge are calculated, respectively. Through comparison and discussion, some conclusions are made including (1) The antecedent rainfall played an important role for debris flows which generated predominately based on the slope-instability due to the saturated loose sediments; (2) Despite slower flow velocity and smaller magnitude, the slope-type debris flows just like 2005-6-30 debris flows usually lead to serious damages for the difficulty to forecast and to prevent; (3) The mistaken recognition on debris flow hazards and lack of prevention consciousness strengthen the hazard and damage degree. This research is of certain significance for the prevention and mitigation of debris flow hazards and for the planning of the town building and tourism development in the future.     

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Late Jurassic shoshonitic lamprophyre dikes from the Liaodong Peninsula, NE China

This paper presents detailed mineral chemical, element geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic data for the Late Jurassic (155?±?4 Ma) lamprophyre dikes in the Liaodong Peninsula, NE China. The lamprophyres are shoshonitic and geochemically fall into three groups: Group I has relatively high SiO₂ (52.5–57.0 wt.%), low MgO (5.5–8.3 wt.%) and compatible trace element (e.g. Cr?=?128–470 ppm) contents, high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7093–0.7117), and low ε_Nd (T) values (?9.6 to ?12.1); Group II has relatively low SiO₂ (44.8–50.0 wt.%), high MgO (10.8–14.2 wt.%) and compatible trace element (e.g. Cr?=?456–1,041 ppm) contents, low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7073–0.7087), and high ε_Nd (T) values (?1.4 to ?2.9); Group III is transitional between the two in all elemental and isotopic compositions. Interpretation of the elemental and isotopic data suggests that the lamprophyric melts were derived by partial melting of subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) at a depth of 60–80 km (group I), decompression melting of upwelling asthenosphere at 60–100 km (group II), and mixing between the SCLM-derived and asthenosphere-derived melts (group III). It is assumed that the local SCLM was detached at a depth of 60–80 km by the 155 Ma ago. A continental arc-rifting related to the Palaeo-Pacific plate subduction is favored as a geodynamic force for such a cratonic lithosphere detachment.     

县域尺度下能源产区能源消费碳排放强度空间分异——以陕西省榆林市为例

以能源产区陕西省榆林市的12个区县为研究单元,在Geo Da和Arc GIS等软件的支持下,结合趋势分析和空间统计方法,分析2005—2010年榆林县域尺度下的能源消费碳排放强度的空间格局特征与空间分异机制。榆林各区县能源消费碳排放强度水平差异明显,总体差异呈扩大趋势,两极分化加剧。县域碳排放强度南北走向上表现出逐渐减小趋势,东西走向上具有微弱的"U"型变化态势。总体上,东北部区县碳排放强度高于西南部。各区县碳排放强度具有正的空间关联分布特征,且处于低水平非均衡空间分布状态,空间依赖性明显。结合相关性分析,榆林区县碳排放强度具有极化区、扩散区、塌陷区和传染区4个特征。"热点"主要分布在东北部三县,"冷点"主要分布于南部六县。能源资源分布不均、经济总量以及产业结构差异是造成榆林碳排放强度空间分布不均的主要原因。     

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长江三峡地区成冰纪-埃迪卡拉纪转换时期微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征

通过微量元素和稀土元素地球化学分析,对长江三峡地区陡山沱组层型剖面--田家园子剖面成冰系南沱组顶部和埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组下部102个岩石样品进行了地球化学研究。重点分析了氧化还原敏感元素(Zn,Co,U,Mo,Ni,V)的富集特征,并探讨其可能成因机制以及三峡地区成冰纪-埃迪卡拉纪转换时期的水体特征。结果表明:在南沱组顶部仅Zn和Co富集;在盖帽白云岩下部,氧化还原敏感元素均富集,而在盖帽白云岩上部,除Zn和V外,其他氧化还原敏感元素均亏损;在陡山沱组Ⅱ段下部,氧化还原敏感元素由最初的亏损,逐渐变为较稳定的富集。在陡山沱组下部,出现2次明显的富集峰值,分别出现在剖面的0.4m处(盖帽白云岩中间)和6.5m处(陡山沱组Ⅱ段下部)。整个剖面大部分样品具有Eu的轻微正异常(Eu/Eu^*＜1.6), 而在剖面0.4m和6.5m处,Eu具有明显的正异常,结合稀土配分类型、Y/Ho值、La异常、Ce异常等指标,推测这2次异常均可能受到深海热液流的影响,而缺氧海水的上涌造成水体缺氧,导致这些元素出现富集峰值。U/Th、V/(V+Ni)以及稀土元素指标综合指示,三峡地区南沱组顶部冰碛岩应为氧化环境下的沉积物;随着冰川消融,冰融淡水注入古海洋,陡山沱组盖帽碳酸盐的沉积受冰融淡水的影响,深部缺氧海水的上涌使沉积水体经历氧化-缺氧-氧化的转变,海水的分层性较强;而陡山沱组Ⅱ段下部沉积环境以分层性较弱的弱氧化环境为主。