基于时间序列植被特征的内蒙古荒漠化评价

荒漠化是中国北方干旱、半干旱地区面临的主要生态环境问题。从植被特征着手,关注其年际动态变化特征,已经成为国内外荒漠化评价的发展趋势。选取遥感反演的高时间分辨率的植被降水利用率作为评价指标,利用时间序列分析方法,评价了内蒙古自治区1999-2009 年的荒漠化发展态势,并对荒漠化逆转问题进行了初步讨论。结果表明：内蒙古自治区11 年来生态环境总体趋于改善,荒漠化发展态势并不明显。其中,鄂尔多斯高原的东部至大青山南麓、大兴安岭及燕山北部余脉是内蒙古自治区生态环境改善最为明显的地区,反映出该区的植被保护政策发挥了积极的作用;荒漠化土地空间分异特征表明,降水因子和植被恢复有着密切的联系,300mm以上降水量的地区,其植被恢复能力要明显大于降水稀少的地区;干旱、极干旱地区的荒漠界限极不稳定,对荒漠化是否逆转的判断必须在特定的时间尺度,结合当年的气候条件进行综合分析。     

Characterization and quantification of within-year variation of snow-cover elevation in mountainous regions, eastern Tibet

Fluctuating snow-covered elevation (FSCE) was conceptualized and proposed to characterize within-year variation of the border between snow-covered and snow-free area in mountainous regions. Two parameters, namely median of snow free period (T_m) and snow free duration (ΔT), were defined to quantify FSCE. A regression model of FSCE was developed for the Lhasa River Basin, Niyang River Basin, and Changdu region in eastern Tibet. Statistical analysis of the snow-products data with a spatial resolution of 25km×25km shows that: (1) T_m correlates weakly with geographical and topographic factors, having the yearly mean value of July 31; (2) ΔT correlates significantly with the average elevation of the snow-products cell, having the yearly mean value of nearly five months (i.e., 151 days); (3) the region begins snow disappearance in late April and finishes snow coverage in mid November, being snow-free from late June to mid September and snow-covered from December to March in the next year. In addition, snow-products with higher spatial resolution will be helpful to characterize FSCE in smaller spatial scales.     

京津冀协同发展区活动构造与地壳稳定性

京津冀协同发展区是中国东部规划的战略开发区之一,也是华北地区主要的活动构造区,新构造活动强烈,活动断裂发育,地震频发,具有潜在的地质安全隐患问题。基于张家口地区、雄安新区及邻区、北京及关键构造部位调查研究结果,结合已有研究成果,系统分析了京津冀协同发展区主要活动断裂几何学、运动学和动力学特征及其工程地质、地质灾害特征,采用ArcGIS平台的空间分析功能,初步完成了京津冀协同发展区地壳稳定性评价。研究结果表明,京津冀协同发展区发育邢台-河间-唐山、石家庄-通州NNE向构造带和张家口-渤海NWW向区域性活动构造带,其中全新世活动断裂11条,晚更新世活动断裂16条,第四纪断裂23条;冀北及冀东南地区现今构造应力场最大水平主应力方向为近EW向,而太行山东缘南段为NNE向,北段为NW向;NNE向活动断裂带总体表现为顺时针扭动正断活动,倾向SE,NWW向活动断裂带晚更新世以来具有明显的活动性,整体表现为反时针扭动正断活动,倾向SW。京津冀协同发展区地壳稳定性总体较好,不稳定区及次不稳定区主要分布在邢台、唐山、延怀盆地和全新世活动断裂带内,利于重要城镇和重大工程规划建设。研究成果将为京津冀协同发展区宏观发展战略提供地质支撑。     

产业转型背景下创业区位选择和集群空间演化

以广州软件和信息技术产业集群为案例,分析产业范式转变背景下地方创业区位选择对产业集群空间演化的影响。结果显示：初始资源富集和政策环境导向使特定空间成为创业的优势区位,早期第一代创业企业在其中集聚发展形成集群雏形,并在关系网络和区域认同作用下形成产业集群空间核心区。第二代创业企业在产业转型契机下选择开拓缝隙市场,新的区位诉求由此产生并作用在集群的空间演化上。总的来说,产业转型期同时也是集群空间转变的关键时期,创业企业通过区位选择可以改变集群的空间形态和层次。     

旅游开发背景下传统村落功能演变的过程与机制——以黄山市西溪南村为例

以黄山市传统村落西溪南村为例,通过对多元利益主体进行深度访谈,运用扎根理论方法从微观视角探索乡村功能演变的过程与机制。研究发现,西溪南村发展规划明晰,乡村旅游业形态丰富,乡村多元功能价值体系日益凸显。西溪南村乡村功能演变是地方政府、外来旅游企业、外来民宿投资者、本地居民与游客等多方利益主体协作共生的必然结果。政府政策引导是促进由内而外要素流动、乡村多功能转型的基础保障,外来旅游企业是推动西溪南村旅游开发经营的主导力量,外来民宿投资者是建构乡村民宿与生态空间、引领乡风文明实践的关键先驱,本地居民是填补细分市场、实现居业协同的重要践行者,各利益主体间的协作共生推动西溪南村乡村功能发展演变。     

Recent progress and future directions of ChinaFLUX

The eddy covariance technique has emerged as an important tool to directly measure carbon dioxide, water vapor and heat fluxes between the terrestrial ecosystem and the atmosphere after a long history of fundamental research and technological developments. With the realization of regional networks of flux measurements in North American, European, Asia, Brazil, Australia and Africa, a global-scale network of micrometeorological flux measurement (FLUXNET) was established in 1998. FLUXNET has made great progresses in investigating the environmental mechanisms controlling carbon and water cycles, quantifying spatial-temporal patterns of carbon budget and seeking the “missing carbon sink” in global terrestrial ecosystems in the past ten years. The global-scale flux measurement also built a platform for international communication in the fields of resource, ecology and environment sciences. With the continuous development of flux research, FLUXNET will introduce and explore new techniques to extend the application fields of flux measurement and to answer questions in the fields of bio-geography, eco-hydrology, meteorology, climate change, remote sensing and modeling with eddy covariance flux data. As an important part of FLUXNET, ChinaFLUX has made significant progresses in the past three years on the methodology and technique of eddy covariance flux measurement, on the responses of CO₂ and H₂O exchange between the terrestrial ecosystem and the atmosphere to environmental change, and on flux modeling development. Results showed that the major forests on the North-South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC) were all carbon sinks during 2003 to 2005, and the alpine meadows on the Tibet Plateau were also small carbon sinks. However, the reserved natural grassland, Leymus chinensis steppe in Inner Mongolia, was a carbon source. On a regional scale, temperature and precipitation are the primary climatic factors that determined the carbon balance in major terrestrial ecosystems in China. Finally, the current research emphasis and future directions of ChinaFLUX were presented. By combining flux network and terrestrial transect, ChinaFLUX will develop integrated research with multi-scale, multi-process, multi-subject observations, placing emphasis on the mechanism and coupling relationships between water, carbon and nitrogen cycles in terrestrial ecosystems.     

吐鲁番盆地水资源利用与绿洲经济发展探讨*

吐鲁番盆地为我国一个独特的地理区域。其地形封闭,气候极为干旱,有限水资源的开发利用制约着绿洲的生存与发展。本文简要分析了盆地水资源特征及其开发利用过程及盆地经济发展进程,阐述了水资源与经济发展存在的问题,进而提出盆地今后水资源利用与经济发展的方向。