Interacting effects of multiple factors on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam

Elucidating the influence of dams on fluvial processes can inform river protection and basin management. However, relatively few studies have focused on how multiple factors interact to affect the morphological evolution of meandering reaches. Using hydrological and topographical data, we analyzed the factors that influence and regulate the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). Our conclusions are as follows. (1) The meandering reaches can be classified into two types based on their evolution during the pre-dam period: G1 reaches, characterized by convex point bar erosion and concave channel deposition (CECD), and G2 reaches, characterized by convex point bar deposition and concave channel erosion (CDCE). Both reach types exhibited CECD features during the post-dam period. (2) Flow processes and sediment transport are the factors that caused serious erosion of the low beaches located in the convex point bars. However, changes in the river regime, river boundaries and jacking of Dongting Lake do not act as primary controls on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches. (3) Flood discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m³/s result in greater erosion of convex point bars. The point bars become scoured if the durations of these flows, which are close to bankfull discharge, exceed 20 days. In addition, the reduction in bedload causes the decreasing of point bar siltation in the water-falling period. (4) During the post-dam period, flood abatement, the increased duration of discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m³/s, and a significant reduction in sediment transport are the main factors that caused meandering reaches to show CECD features. Our results are relevant to other meandering reaches, where they can inform estimates of riverbed change, river management strategies and river protection.     

Anomalous Western Pacific Subtropical High during Late Summer in Weak La Nia Years: Contrast between 1981 and 2013

Both 1981 and 2013 were weak La Niña years with a similar sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the tropical Pacific, yet the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) during August exhibited an opposite anomaly in the two years. A comparison indicates that, in the absence of a strong SST anomaly in the tropics, the cold advection from Eurasian high latitudes and the convection of the western Pacific warm pool play important roles in influencing the strength and position of the WPSH in August. In August 1981, the spatial pattern of 500 hPa geopotential height was characterized by a meridional circulation with a strong ridge in the Ural Mountains and a deep trough in Siberia, which provided favorable conditions for cold air invading into the lower latitudes. Accordingly, the geopotential height to the north of the WPSH was reduced by the cold advection anomaly from high latitudes, resulting in an eastward retreat of the WPSH. Moreover, an anomalous cyclonic circulation in the subtropical western Pacific, excited by enhanced warm pool convection, also contributed to the eastward retreat of the WPSH. By contrast, the influence from high latitudes was relatively weak in August 2013 due to a zonal circulation pattern over Eurasia, and the anomalous anticyclonic circulation induced by suppressed warm pool convection also facilitated the westward extension of the WPSH. Therefore, the combined effects of the high latitude and tropical circulations may contribute a persistent anomaly of the WPSH in late summer, despite the tropical SST anomaly being weak.     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷西秋古隆起的形成及其演化

重力异常资料显示, 库车坳陷南缘西秋构造带深层发育有基底隆起。本文通过地震资料解释确认了西秋构造带深层古隆起的结构, 分析了古隆起的形成和演化过程。西秋构造带南侧边缘存在一条区域性基底断裂, 断裂北侧新生界下伏中生界、古生界明显减薄或地层缺失, 总体上表现为断背斜形态的古隆起构造。结合区域构造演化分析认为, 泥盆纪—石炭纪(D—C)塔里木克拉通边缘隆升、二叠纪—三叠纪(P—T)受南天山负荷影响产生的克拉通边缘压陷的构造演化过程中, 西秋构造带处于"跷跷板"式地壳升降运动的"支点"部位, 发育古隆起和基底卷入高角度断层, 晚期南天山隆升向南斜向推挤的挤压剪切应力场使古隆起边界断层复活, 基底断裂活动并在新生界之下形成冲断隆起。     

钛-氨三乙酸-对氯苯基荧光酮-CTMAB四元配合物的分光光度法研究

本文研究Ti(Ⅳ)-氨三乙酸(NTA)-对氯苯基荧光酮(p-ClPF)-CTMAB四元配合物的显色条件。结果表明,在pH5.8—6.6形成了摩尔比为Ti(Ⅳ):NTA:p-ClPF:CTMAB=1:1:3:3的四元配合物,借此反应测定钛,灵敏度高,其ε_(573nm)=2.1×10~5L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)。Ti(Ⅳ)浓度在0—1.4μg/10ml范围服从比耳定律。已用本法直接测定了岩矿和铝合金中的Ti,结果满意。     

古尔班通古特沙漠地表辐射收支特征

古尔班通古特沙漠是中国最大的固定、半固定沙漠.利用2017年该沙漠克拉美丽站辐射资料,分析了古尔班通古特沙漠不同时间尺度和不同天气条件下的地表辐射变化特征.结果表明:(1)不同月份沙漠辐射收支各分量月平均日变化均呈单峰型,但极值大小及出现时间存在差异.各分量曝辐量季节变化明显:太阳总辐射表现为生长期(4-9月)＞积雪期...     

一种洪涝灾害事件信息建模方法

我国洪涝灾害频发且危害巨大,为有效防灾、减灾和救灾,需建立洪涝灾害事件信息模型,表示和共享洪涝灾害信息。然而,目前事件信息模型主要是表示静态信息,缺乏对洪涝灾害事件动态过程的表示。本文从观测角度出发,建立顾及洪涝灾害事件阶段和动态过程的洪涝灾害事件信息模型。围绕洪涝灾害事件信息模型,提出了10类需建模的元素,并以MOF（Meta Object Facility）建模框架构建了十元组模型,通过映射方法实现模型编码方案与事件模式语言的映射。最后,以2010年梁子湖洪涝灾害模拟为例,开展了模型分阶段建立过程实验。结果表明,本文提出的模型能表示洪涝灾害事件的动态信息和实现洪涝灾害事件的动态建模。     

球面距离计算方法及精度比较

球面距离(角间距)计算是天文或地理学中极常用的计算之一,也是目标查找、锥形检索、交叉证认等方法的基础。数学上,通过球面几何可以直接计算出两点的距离,前人已经推导出了多个复杂程度不一的计算方法。但是由于计算机的精度有限,在进行数值计算时有舍入误差,导致公式计算结果出现偏差。对几个常用的球面距离计算公式进行了考察,测试并对比它们在不同计算环境下的精度与优缺点。此外还展示并比较了几种常用天文软件包、数据库的球面距离计算方法,以期有助于天文工作者选择适合自己当前需要的计算方法。     

丽江天文观测站全天相机介绍

全天相机作为一个对天文观测台站全天云量信息进行监视的工具,对天文观测的正常进行发挥着重要的作用,目前世界上主要天文台均配备有全天相机,为了满足对全天云量信息进行实时监视的需求,丽江天文观测站正式安装架设了一套全天相机系统。从硬件安装架设、软件调试到实际测试等方面,详细介绍了全天相机系统的设计方案以及遇到的问题,讨论了对问题的解决措施,重点介绍了根据天光亮度数值调整相机曝光时间的方法,这也是主要创新与特色之处。     

Improving the estimate of wind energy input into the Ekman layer within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Based on the data and method offered by Liu et al. (2009), the direct wind and Stokes drift-induced energy inputs into the Ekman layer within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) area are reestimated since the results of the former have been proved to be underestimated. And the result shows that the total rate of energy input into the Ekman-Stokes layer within the ACC area is 852.41 GW, including 649.75 GW of direct wind energy input (76%) and 202.66 GW of Stoke drift-induced energy input (24%). Total increased energy input, due to wave-induced Coriolis-Stokes forcing added to the classical Ekman model, is 52.05 GW, accounting for 6.5% of the wind energy input into the classical Ekman layer. The long-term variability of direct wind and Stokes drift-induced energy inputs into the Ekman layer within the ACC is also investigated, and the result shows that the Stokes drift hinders the decadal increasing trend of direct wind energy input. Meanwhile, there is a period of 4-5 a in the energy spectrums, as same as the Antarctic circumpolar wave.     

基于API规范的液化土层桩基p-y曲线修正计算公式

基于小型振动台拟静力试验和往返动荷载试验,将得到的静力p-y曲线及滞回曲线与基于静力方法提出的API规范方法进行对比研究,指出了采用目前API规范中的折减系数方法进行液化土层中桩基横向承载力计算时与实际不符并导致工程设计无法接受的原因。进行四种不同相对密度可液化土中大型振动台桩?土?承台动力相互作用大型振动台试验,考虑到API规范方法在工程中的广泛应用性和可接受性,在不改变其基本模式前提下,提出其中土体初始模量和极限土阻力两个修正参数,以地震波输入下的振动台试验对构建的公式进行验证,结果较为吻合。