贵州高原起伏地形下日照时间的时空分布

由于坡度、坡向和地形之间相互遮蔽等局地地形因子的影响, 实际起伏地形下的日照时间与水平面上的日照时间有一定差异。该文建立了一种基于数字高程模型 (DEM) 的起伏地形下日照时间的模拟方法, 计算了起伏地形下贵州高原100 m×100 m分辨率日照时间的时空分布。结果表明:坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽对日照时间的影响较大, 实际起伏地形下日照时间的空间分布具有明显地域特征。1月太阳高度角较低, 坡度、坡向的作用非常明显, 地形遮蔽面积较大, 日照时间的空间差异较多, 日照时间为16~142 h, 最大值约为最小值9倍; 7月太阳高度角较高, 地形遮蔽面积相对较小, 日照时间的空间差异相对较少, 日照时间为133~210 h, 最大值为最小值1.6倍, 但由于7月日照时间相对较多, 局地地形对日照时间影响仍明显。4月、10月日照时间及其变化幅度介于1月和7月之间。     

塔里木--卡拉库姆地区的油气地质特征与区域地质演化

本文系统归纳总结与对比分析了塔里木盆地、北阿富汗-南塔吉克斯坦盆地和卡拉库姆盆地的油气地质特征,并在此基础上探讨了该地区古生代以来地质演化对盆地演化和油气地质特征的控制作用。塔里木盆地奠基在前南华系结晶基底之上,中亚两个盆地奠基在南天山洋闭合之后形成的前二叠系褶皱基底之上。塔里木盆地的盖层沉积明显受到了南侧“原特提斯（北昆仑）”、古特提斯和新特提斯的影响,由于北昆仑带向西尖灭于北帕米尔,中亚两个含油气盆地的中-新生界则主要受到南侧古特提斯和新特提斯的影响。中亚两个盆地的海陆交互相和礁灰岩相侏罗系向东到塔西南相变为陆相,这从烃源岩的角度决定了塔西南与中亚两个盆地中-新生界不同的含油气性。塔里木盆地中-新生界有利的油气生储盖组合主要存在于前陆盆地的陆相地层中,它与下伏古生界含油气层系的叠加作用提高了其油气潜力。     

西准噶尔晚石炭世哈拉阿拉特山组烃源岩发育沉积环境与有机质富集因素分析

准噶尔盆地西北缘哈拉阿拉特山地区发育一套晚石炭世哈拉阿拉特山组灰黑色泥岩层系,是该地区石炭系油气藏的主要烃源岩之一,但到目前为止,对该套烃源岩发育的沉积环境和有机质富集因素的认识尚不清楚。本文基于西准噶尔哈拉阿拉特山地区晚石炭世哈拉阿拉特山组乌和公路剖面,进行了详细的沉积学和岩石学研究,系统采集了17件新鲜泥岩样品,并开展了有机碳含量、主量元素和微量元素实验分析。通过综合分析野外调查结果和室内实验数据,得到如下几点认识：1）哈拉阿拉特山组泥岩发育在深海-半深海的沉积环境中,受浊流沉积频发的影响,底层水体一直处于富氧-缺氧的动荡变化过程之中;2）低V/Cr和U/Th比值,以及低V和U元素含量,指示了泥岩总体上形成于偏氧化的沉积环境;3）高的P和Ni元素含量,反映了当时水体具有较高的古生产力;4）在较高古生产力背景下,哈拉阿拉特山组泥岩有机质丰度（TOC平均为0.49%）偏低,原因是偏氧化的保存条件。因此,可以认为哈拉阿拉特山组泥岩有机质质富集主要受控于沉积水体的保存（氧化还原）条件。     

吉木萨尔凹陷二叠统芦草沟组地层与沉积环境特征研究

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组是我国近些年致密油气勘探开发的热点地区之一。本文利用岩心、岩石薄片、测井和地震等资料,在识别和分析芦草沟组主要岩石类型的基础上,对芦草沟组的沉积演化特征、层序地层格架和沉积环境的变迁等方面进行了综合研究。研究表明,芦草沟组岩性主要为碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩两个大类,其中碎屑岩以泥页岩和粉（细）砂岩为主,碳酸盐岩主要为白云岩和灰岩。沉积特征表现为：下部（F 段）、中部（C+D段）和上部（A 段）的泥页岩层段,发育于湖进时期的深湖至半深湖相沉积,为烃源岩层段;下部致密储集层段（E 段）和上部致密储集层段（B 段）,发育于湖退期的浅湖相、三角洲前缘相沉积。由于后期的构造隆升,芦草沟组的沉积环境由早期的开阔湖盆逐渐向后期封闭的局限湖盆转变,沉积水体也逐渐向咸化和还原环境转变。     

无人值守钻孔应变台站的运行模式及探讨

根据13个无人值守钻孔应变台站的运行状况、观测数据连续率和潮汐因子相对中误差以及日常维护情况等,本文总结了无人值守台站相比有人值守台站的优势及存在的问题,探讨了未来无人值守台站的建设及运行时需要注意的问题,旨在为无人值守模式钻孔应变台站的进一步发展提供参考。     

The strain seismograms of P- and S-waves of a local event recorded by four-gauge borehole strainmeter

At a sampling rate of 100 samples per second,the YRY-4 four-gauge borehole strainmeters(FGBS) are capable of recording transient strains caused by seismic waves such as P and S waves or strain seismograms. At such a high sampling rate, data from the YRY-4 strainmeters demonstrate fairly satisfactory self-consistency. The strain tensor seismograms demonstrate the senses of motion of P waves, that is, the type of seismic wave travels in the direction of the maximum normal strain change. The observed strain patterns of S waves significantly differ from those of P waves and should contain information about the source mechanism. Spectrum analysis shows that the strain seismograms are consistent with conventional broadband seismograms from the same site.     

Prediction of risk in submarine tunnel construction by multi-factor analysis: A collapse prediction model

Abstract

Collapse is a major threat in tunnel construction. How to predict collapse risk accurately and timely is a complicated problem. In this paper, a non-linear mathematical model is applied to obtain the potential risk indices for a submarine tunnel using statistical analysis based on previous submarine tunnels, such as the Seikan tunnel and Xiang’an tunnel. Rough set theory is used to screen risk indices, determine each indicator value, and classify risk factors. Traditional weight calculation methods that are overly dependent on expert experience and other subjective factors are optimized and improved. Based on the frequency of each risk factor, the objective weight value of each risk index is determined according to weight back analysis theory. The ideal point method is used to calculate the collapse risk level. Predictions made by this new method are consistent with the actual tunnel collapse risk levels. This new method provides theoretical and technical basis for effectively predicting tunnel collapse.     

基于Web平台的桂林市自动气象站信息综合处理系统设计

分析了基于Web平台的自动气象站信息综合处理系统的设计思路、设计原则和系统特点,解析了系统的总体技术框架和功能模块结构,并就设计实现过程中的关键技术进行详细剖析。     

A parameterized yet accurate model of ozone and water vapor transmittance in the solar-to-near-infrared spectrum

A parameterized transmittance model(PTR) for ozone and water vapor monochromatic transmittance calculation in the solar-to-near-infrared spectrum 0.3-4 μm with a spectral resolution of 5 cm-1 was developed based on the transmittance data calculated by Moderate-resolution Transmittance model(MODTRAN).Polynomial equations were derived to represent the transmittance as functions of path length and airmass for every wavelength based on the least-squares method.Comparisons between the transmittances calculated using PTR and MODTRAN were made,using the results of MODTRAN as a reference.Relative root-mean-square error(RMSre) was 0.823% for ozone transmittance.RMSre values were 8.84% and 3.48% for water vapor transmittance ranges of 1-1×10 18 and 1-1×10 3,respectively.In addition,the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II(SAGEII) ozone profiles and University of Wyoming(UWYO) water vapor profiles were applied to validate the applicability of PTR model.RMSre was 0.437% for ozone transmittance.RMSre values were 8.89% and 2.43% for water vapor transmittance ranges of 1-1×10 18 and 1-1×10 6,respectively.Furthermore,the optical depth profiles calculated using the PTR model were compared to the results of MODTRAN.Absolute RMS errors(RMSab) for ozone optical depths were within 0.0055 and 0.0523 for water vapor at all of the tested altitudes.Finally,the comparison between the solar heating rate calculated from the transmittance of PTR and Line-by-Line radiative transfer model(LBLRTM) was performed,showing a maximum deviation of 0.238 K d-1(6% of the corresponding solar heating rate calculated using LBLRTM).In the troposphere all of the deviations were within 0.08 K d-1.The computational speed of PTR model is nearly two orders of magnitude faster than that of MODTRAN.     

Doppler Radar Data Assimilation with a Local SVD-En3DVar Method

An observation localization scheme is introduced into an ensemble-based three-dimensional variational (3DVar) assimilation method based on the singular value decomposition technique (SVD-En3DVar) to improve assimilation skill. A point-by-point analysis technique is adopted in which the weight of each observation decreases with increasing distance between the analysis point and the observation point. A set of numerical experiments, in which simulated Doppler radar data are assimilated into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, is designed to test the scheme. The results are compared with those obtained using the original global and local patch schemes in SVD-En3DVar, neither of which includes this type of observation localization. The observation localization scheme not only eliminates spurious analysis increments in areas of missing data, but also avoids the discontinuous analysis fields that arise from the local patch scheme. The new scheme provides better analysis fields and a more reasonable short-range rainfall forecast than the original schemes. Additional forecast experiments that assimilate real data from 10 radars indicate that the short-term precipitation forecast skill can be improved by assimilating radar data and the observation localization scheme provides a better forecast than the other two schemes.