Mitochondrial DNA control region diversity and population structure of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) in the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan

To investigate the genetic variation and population structure of Pacific herring in the Yellow Sea and the genetic differentiation between the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan,fragments of 479-bp mitochondrial DNA control region were sequenced for 110 individuals collected from three different periods in the Yellow Sea and one locality in the Sea of Japan.High haplotype diversity and moderate nucleotide diversity were observed in Pacific herring.AMOVA and exact test of population differentiation showed no significant genetic differentiations among the three populations of the Yellow Sea and suggested the populations can be treated as a single panmictic stock in the Yellow Sea.However,a large and significant genetic differentiation(WST50.11;P50.00) was detected between the populations in the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan.The high sea water temperature in the Tsushima Strait was thought a barrier to block the gene exchange between populations of the two sea areas.The neutrality tests and mismatch distribution indicated recent population expansion in Pacific herring.     

Experimental Study of Factors Controlling Sorption of Heavy Metals on Ariake Clay and Implication for Practice

A series of batch tests have been presented to investigate the effects of solid-solution contact time, solid:solution ratio, and pH of solution on sorption of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ on Ariake clay from Kyushu region of Japan. The results show that, among the three investigated factors, solid:solution ratio (SD/SN) seems to be the crucial controlling factor. The Freundlich sorption parameters determined from the batch tests were applied to a typical field landfill in which the Ariake clay was used as soil barrier. The impacts of the landfill were assessed by numerical analysis. Based on the analysis result, the significance of selecting proper solid:solution ratio for determining sorption parameters from batch test has been discussed.     

Ertixiite—a new mineral from the Altay Pegmatite Mine,Xinjiang, China

Ertixiite (Na₂Si₄O₉), a new mineral found in a miarolitic cavity of the Altay Pegmatite Mine, Xinjiang, China, is associated with topaz, apatite, quartz, cleavelandite, etc. The mineral is white, granular, and transparent. HNV=570.08?850.96 kg/mm² (Moh’s 5.8?6.5), D=2.35, N=1.502. Cubic system,a=5.975 Å, V=213.311 Å, Z=1,D _x =2.34g/cm³. The chemical composition of ertixiite (the average of six samples) is: Na₂O 17.97, CaO 2.82, SiO₂ 77.86, Al₂O₃ 1.45, FeO 0.05, total 100.15. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder pattern are 3.443(2, 111), 2.647(2. 210), 2.674(2,210), 1.996(8,221), 1.798(10,311), and 1.492(2,400).     

大别山榴辉岩的单矿物中He、Ar同位素特征

文中分析了大别榴辉岩的3对单矿物中的He、Ar质量分数及同位素组成。所有分析的矿物中，He主要是放射性成因的，而Ar主要是幔源的。He同位素特征更多地显示古洋壳的特征。He、Ar同位素体系表明其是放射性成因和富集地幔源混合的结果。     

陕北奥陶系钾盐层位的发现与研究

陕北奥陶系是一个大型海相蒸发岩盆地,笔者在盆地东侧下奥陶统马家沟组,发现了钾石盐,光卤石等钾盐矿物,这是世界上首次在奥陶系发现钾盐,笔者较详细地研究了地质条件,含盐岩系剖面特下,物质成分和地球化学等,探讨了蒸发岩沉积的古地理环境和成盐模式据蒸发岩组成特征,结构构造,赋存状态,组合关系,地球化学诸方面的综合研究,认为陕北盆地钾盐沉积形成于残留卤水湖和干盐湖阶段。     

Soil heavy-metal speciation and wheat phytotoxicity in the vicinity of an abandoned lead–zinc mine in Shangyu City,eastern China

Sixteen soil samples were collected from the vicinity of an abandoned lead–zinc mine in Shangyu City, eastern China, and the heavy-metal speciation and wheat phytotoxicity in the soils were studied. The results showed that the concentrations of free Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ were highly variable and ranged from <0.01 to 0.32, 0.06 to 10.62, <0.01 to 1.40 and 0.02 to 37.10 μmol l⁻¹, respectively. The concentrations of soluble Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb ranged from 0.38 to 3.24, 0.72 to 78.74, <0.01 to 1.95 and 0.15 to 639.34 μmol l⁻¹, respectively. The general trend of mean solid/liquid partition coefficient and percentage of free metal ion to total soluble metal concentration were Cu > Pb > Zn > Cd and Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb, respectively. Stepwise multiple linear regression with pH, log(total metal) and log(organic matter) showed that log(total metal) was an important factor that controlled log(free metal ion) and log(soluble metal). Of the variability in log(free Cu²⁺), log(free Cd²⁺) and log(free Pb²⁺), 55.2, 58.6 and 64.3% could be explained by log(total Cu), log(total Cd) and log(total Pb) alone, respectively. Of the variability in log(soluble Cu) and log(soluble Cd), 77.1 and 72.5% could be explained by log(total Cu) and log(total Cd) alone, respectively. Wheat root length was controlled by the various metals with different free and soluble concentrations, and 99.2% of the variability in root length could be explained by concentrations of free and soluble Pb, soluble Cu and total Zn in the soils.     

北太平洋冬季阻塞性高压对船舶西行航线的影响*

通过对近10年北太平洋冬季阻塞性高压的建立、维持及崩溃的天气形势分析,结合船舶气象导航的原理、气象航线的设计以及影响航线选择的因素,指出了有利于北太平洋冬季西行高纬度航线的阻塞高压形式,为船舶西行选择高纬度航线提供了气象理论依据。     

Vertical differentiation of land cover in the central Himalayas

Characterized by obvious altitudinal variation, habitat complexity, and diversity in land cover, the Mt. Qomolangma region within the central Himalayas is one of the most sensitive areas to climate change in the world. At the same time, because the Mt. Qomolangma region possesses the most complete natural vertical spectrum in the world, it is also an ideal place to study the vertical structure of alpine land cover. In this study, land cover data for 2010 along with digital elevation model data were used to define three methods for dividing the northern and southern slopes in the Mt. Qomolangma region, i.e., the ridgeline method, the sample transect method, and the sector method. The altitudinal distributions of different land cover types were then investigated for both the northern and southern slopes of the Mt. Qomolangma region by using the above three division methods along with Arc GIS and MATLAB tools. The results indicate that the land cover in the study region was characterized by obviously vertical zonation with the south-six and north-four pattern of vertical spectrum that reflected both the natural vertical structure of vegetation and the effects of human activities. From low to high elevation, the main land cover types were forests, grasslands, sparse vegetation, bare land, and glacier/snow cover. The compositions and distributions of land cover types differed significantly between the northern and southern slopes; the southern slope exhibited more complex land cover distributions with wider elevation ranges than the northern slope. The area proportion of each land cover type also varied with elevation. Accordingly, the vertical distribution patterns of different land cover types on the southern and northern slopes could be divided into four categories, with glaciers/snow cover, sparse vegetation, and grasslands conforming to unimodal distributions. The distribution of bare land followed a unimodal pattern on the southern slope but a bimodal pattern on the northern slope. Finally, the use of different slope division methods produced similar vertical belt structures on the southern slope but different ones on the northern slope. Among the three division methods, the sector method was better to reflect the natural distribution pattern of land cover.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长9段页岩气资源潜力评价

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长9段为长7段之外另一套富含页岩气层段,然而其资源潜力长期未被重视。通过黄探1井的钻探在长9段发现了高含气量的页岩层段,初步证实了其资源潜力。本文利用黄探1井钻探成果并结合大量邻区钻井资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部长9段泥页岩发育特点、有机质丰度、有机质类型、热演化成熟度、岩矿特征、储层物性及含气性等方面开展研究,对其页岩气资源潜力进行了评价。总体认为:长9段沉积时期半深湖-深湖相发育,为油页岩形成提供了良好的沉积条件;长9段总有机碳(TOC)平均质量分数3.98%,有机质丰度高,以偏腐殖Ⅱ₂型混合有机质为主,处于高成熟演化阶段;页岩储层孔隙度与渗透率均较低,成岩矿物以石英和长石体积分数较高。鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延长组长9段页岩气平均含气量高达2.92 m³/t,是鄂尔多斯盆地下一步页岩气勘探开发的有利方向。     

1992-2006年河南省酸雨分布特征分析

利用南阳、商丘和郑州3个观测站1992-2006年酸雨观测数据进行统计,分析其15 a来年际、季节变化特征.结果表明:1992-1995年间,3站酸雨发生频率、降水年均pH值和酸雨雨量与全年雨量比值均呈现减弱趋势,1998-2006年间均出现加强趋势,且在期末明显变强;酸雨频率1、9和12月出现高值,pH值在9-12月份出现低值;1992-2000年由南到北酸雨区域逐渐变小,2000年后由南到北、由西到东酸雨区域迅速扩大.