代县和繁峙2次塌陷地震的机理成因浅析

金属矿山的深部开采易引发冒落型矿震。本文对繁峙和代县两相邻铁矿区相继发生的2次塌陷地震,从其发展到发生的过程特点、形态特征和成因机理等方面进行了分析和总结,认为这两次塌陷的孕育发生与区域构造应力、降雨和人为开采等因素密切相关。2次塌陷前前兆特征现象明显,据此可充分利用测震台网记录到的塌陷数据,通过甄别,收集更多的震例,研究总结其规律,并将研究成果应用于日常监测中,以便能对较大矿震事件做到尽早预报预警,更好地服务社会,服务应急等相关部门。     

丽江-小金河断裂南、中段地貌特征及构造指示意义

丽江-小金河断裂位于青藏高原东南缘,是川滇菱形块体内重要的次级边界断裂。构造活动对区域河流水系的发育有重要影响,因此,定量研究水系地貌特征可在一定程度上反映区域内构造活动信息。本文采用地形坡度、地形起伏度、面积-高程积分值（HI）等地貌参数研究沿该断裂区域地貌对构造活动的响应。研究发现,断裂北侧坡度和地形起伏度较断裂南侧高,跨断裂4级流域盆地内亚流域盆地面积-高程积分值变化也指示断裂北侧流域成熟度低于断裂南侧,这反映了丽江-小金河断裂存在一定逆冲分量。     

垂向地电阻率观测装置系数的计算——以江宁地震台为例

井下地电阻率观测装置系数与电流的空间分布及电极位置有关,应针对不同的观测装置进行计算。本文以江苏省江宁地震台垂向观测为例,利用传统垂直观测装置系数方法、全空间及不完全全空间方式计算装置系数,比较不同装置系数对垂向观测的影响。研究结果表明,采用不完全全空间并考虑井距的装置系数计算方法适合江宁地震台垂向观测。     

An application of the LTP＿DSEF model to heavy precipitation forecasts of landfalling tropical cyclones over China in 2018

Recently, a track-similarity-based Dynamical-Statistical Ensemble Forecast(LTP_DSEF) model has been developed in an attempt to predict heavy rainfall from Landfalling Tropical cyclones(LTCs). In this study, the LTP_DSEF model is applied to predicting heavy precipitation associated with 10 LTCs occurring over China in 2018. The best forecast scheme of the model with optimized parameters is obtained after testing 3452 different schemes for the 10 LTCs. Then, its performance is compared to that of three operational dynamical models. Results show that the LTP_DSEF model has advantages over the three dynamical models in predicting heavy precipitation accumulated after landfall, especially for rainfall amounts greater than 250 mm. The model also provides superior or slightly inferior heavy rainfall forecast performance for individual LTCs compared to the three dynamical models. In particular, the LTP_DSEF model can predict heavy rainfall with valuable threat scores associated with certain LTCs, which is not possible with the three dynamical models. Moreover, the model can reasonably capture the distribution of heavier accumulated rainfall, albeit with widespread coverage compared to observations. The preliminary results suggest that the LTP_DSEF model can provide useful forecast guidance for heavy accumulated rainfall of LTCs despite its limited variables included in the model.     

设施农业生产区降雨径流和氮磷输出特征及模拟——以滇池东岸花卉大棚种植区为例

为掌握滇池流域花卉大棚种植区的非点源污染特征,提高和改善滇池水环境质量,本研究选取呈贡县斗南村花卉大棚种植区作为研究对象,在实测降雨径流数据的基础上,通过建立Storm Water Management Model模型分别对全年连续降雨条件下和典型设计降雨条件下的降雨径流水质、水量进行了模拟.研究结果表明:1)模型的流量、化学需氧量(COD_(Cr))、悬浮物(SS)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数分别为0.858、0.835、0.803、0.712和0.752,能够较好地模拟研究区域的水质、水量变化.2)研究区域的平均径流系数为0.59,CODCr、SS、TN和TP的单位面积负荷率分别为118.34、82.90、54.64和5.46 kg/(hm~2·a),TN和TP是主要控制的污染物.3)各污染物浓度峰值的出现时间均早于流量峰值出现的时间,因此对滇池东岸花卉大棚种植区应进行污染物尤其是TP、TN浓度与流量错峰控制.     

Hydrogeochemical Evolution of Interaction Between Surface Water and Groundwater Affected by Exploitation

Hydrogeochemical evolution of interactions between surface water and groundwater is crucial for guaranteeing water supply quality in a riverside water source area. This study focuses on the seasonal and spatial characteristics of hydrogeochemical evolution affected by groundwater exploitation in the Hulan water source area using hydrochemical analyses and stable isotope tracers. Results show that the concentrations of major ions and total dissolved solids (TDS) increase considerably during the dry season. A bicarbonate water type is primarily produced by the dissolution of calcite, dolomite and gypsum, as well as the cation exchange and human activities. Along the typical infiltration path, the proportions of surface water increase with proximity to the river from 8%-63% during the wet season to 11%-84% during the dry season, which are attributed to an increased hydraulic gradient by exploitation. The typical path is classified into two zones. The first is the intensive mixing zone (within 1 km) with increasing concentrations of major ions and TDS due to mixing effect. The second is the exploitation influence zone (1-3.3 km) with increased concentrations of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, SO₄²⁻, and HCO₃⁻ during the dry season due to two reasons of seasonal variations in evaporation, stronger water-rock interactions and mixing effects with increased surface water by exploitation.     

面向景观规划设计的数字地形交互式编辑技术

 数字地形编辑是虚拟地理环境、三维景观仿真系统中一个重要的研究内容,在城市与乡村、区域道路网、风景园林的数字化规划设计实践中具有重要价值。本文以规则格网的数字地形为研究对象,面向城市和园林景观规划设计中的实际应用,提出了交互式数字地形编辑的解决方案,重点给出了分页技术的地形交互式编辑具体过程和相关的主要实现技术。数字地形编辑的实现,首先,通过鼠标交互式操作,结合射线求交算法,在地形表面选取目标编辑区域;然后,结合夹角之和检测算法,获取区域下地形数据,设定新的地形高程值,最后,将编辑操作传输至地形其他层,更新整个地形,并在地形编辑后,采用方格网计算法,统计出区域下地形填挖方量。此外,在经过平整的地形区域,植入树和三维建筑模型,构建虚拟城镇小区景观。本文初步实现了编辑操作功能的计算机软件,并展示了数字地形编辑在城镇小区景观设计中的应用结果。试验表明,基于规则格网和分页技术的数字地形编辑方法具有算法简单、计算量小、易实现等特点。此外,通过鼠标交互式的操作,能够实时、直观地显示编辑结果,达到"所见即所得"的效果。     

水位波动的幅度与频率对刺苦草(Vallisneria spinulosa)生物量和形态特征的影响

沉水植物是维持浅水湖泊清水稳态以及湖泊生态系统结构与功能的关键生物类群.近年来,气候变化和人类活动的双重作用造成湖泊水文情势的明显改变,对沉水植物的生长、繁殖和演替有着较大的影响.本文选取2个水位波动幅度与2个波动频率(逐渐改变水位),以恒定水位作为对照,研究湿地中具有重要生态功能的沉水植物刺苦草(Vallisneria spinulosa)的生物量及地上和地下营养器官形态结构对水位波动的响应.结果表明,相对于恒定水位,波动水位(低幅度低频率、低幅度高频率、高幅度低频率、高幅度高频率)对刺苦草的总生物量和获取限制资源相关器官有显著影响.相比于对照组,水位波动能够显著降低刺苦草分株数、叶片数、根数、根长、匍匐茎数、总匍匐茎长以及叶、根、地上和地下生物量,但会显著增加其株高和比叶面积.不同波动频率(低频率和高频率)和幅度(低幅度和高幅度)对光合器官的形态特征都没有显著影响,但叶和地上部分的生物量积累均受到波动幅度的显著影响.水位波动幅度显著改变了刺苦草的根数和根长,而波动频率的影响不显著.因此,对浅水湖泊受损刺苦草群落进行重建时,应避免较大幅度的水位波动,从而有利于增强植株快速恢复的能力.     

新疆喀什及邻近区域流动地磁和流动重力联合分析研究

利用2014-2015年南天山地区45个测点的2期流动地磁资料,分析喀什及邻近区域相邻两期岩石圈磁场的动态变化特征,同时,利用2014-2016年170个测点的4期流动重力资料,分析不同时间尺度的重力场动态变化信息。研究表明:皮山6.5级地震的发生对皮山一带的地磁矢量分布特征影响较大,总磁场强度、磁偏角和磁倾角均有变化;无论是半年尺度还是一年尺度的重力变化图像都显示乌恰一直处于重力变化的高梯度带;综合多手段的观测资料对震情形势的判定更为准确。     

Interactions between natural biofilm,substratum surface wettability,and mussel plantigrade settlement

Mytilus galloprovincialis is a major fouling organism in the inter-tidal zone. However, the interactions between M. galloprovincialis plantigrade settlement, biofilm characteristics, and surface wettability remains unknown. Here, we examined M. galloprovincialis plantigrade settlement responses to marine biofilms (BFs) on surfaces of varying wettability. No significant difference in mussel settlement was observed on young BFs (7 d) on surfaces of differing wettability; while settlement decreased on older BFs (14, 21, and 28 d) formed on low compared to high wettability surfaces. Surface wettability affected BF characteristics. The standardized harmonic mean and water contact angles values were not correlated with diatom density and chlorophyll a concentration, but were correlated with bacterial density, dry weight, and thickness. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that bacterial community structure differed on BFs on surfaces of varying wettability. Thus, surface wettability affects biofilm characteristics, and the subsequent changes in BF characteristics may be responsible for the variation in biofilm-inducing activity of M. galloprovincialis plantigrade settlement.