光合细菌作为对虾育苗期饵料添加剂试验

本文试验了光合细菌作为对虾育苗期饵料添加剂的效果,使用培育一周左右的光合细菌对虾苗的成活率能提高约30％。同时能起到抗病,促生长发育的效果。     

“全新特提斯洋”概念与广义特提斯构造域

特提斯最初是指欧亚大陆南缘的古海洋,后逐渐引申出从元古宙、古生代到中生代的一系列位于劳亚大陆与冈瓦纳大陆之间的古大洋,如原特提斯洋、古特提斯洋和新特提斯洋,不同大洋在时间上前后交叠。如今横亘在冈瓦纳大陆(南极洲)和欧亚大陆之间的是印度洋,是新特提斯洋的继承者,可以另称为“全新特提斯洋”。这一概念的引申直接体现了印度洋与特提斯构造域一脉相承的关系,有助于将今论古、由此及彼,更直观地了解特提斯构造域的演化过程。本文按时间序列梳理了印度洋的大地构造演化和岩浆作用过程,识别了印度洋在155 Ma、120 Ma、90～84 Ma、76 Ma、65 Ma、52 Ma、45 Ma、38 Ma等关键时期的异常海底扩张记录,这些扩张事件将为标定新特提斯构造域的演化提供参照。其中155 Ma可能指示了新特提斯洋的鼎盛期,90 Ma指示了新特提斯洋的洋中脊俯冲,76～52 Ma是非洲-阿拉伯大陆与欧亚大陆初始碰撞-主碰撞(即新特提斯洋西部关闭)的时期,65～45 Ma是印度次大陆与欧亚大陆初始碰撞-主碰撞(即新特提斯洋中部关闭)的时期,38 Ma是澳大利亚北部大洋开始净俯冲(即新提斯洋东部开始消减)的时间。...     

Preface to the special issue China Seismic Experimental Site (CSES): on-going progresses and future prospects

In 2018, the International Conference for the Decade Memory of the Wenchuan Earthquake in connection to the 4th International Conference on Continental Earthquakes (4th ICCE) and the 12th Assembly of Asian Seismological Commission (ASC) officially announced the establishment of China Seismic Experimental Site (CSES) in the Sichuan-Yunnan region. CSES focuses on the field experiments on a broad spectra of scientific problems in earthquake science, from the tectonics and physics of earthquakes and faulting to the engineering countermeasures for disaster risk reduction. In spring of 2021, approved by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China, CSES as a key state scientific infrastructure was enlisted in the 14th national five-year plan (2021–2025) of economic and social development and the long-term vision of 2035, which is considered as a major step for promoting earthquake science in China. Since 2018, the planning, construction and functioning of CSES have attracted much attention in earthquake science (CSES, 2020a, b, c; Wu ZL et al., 2021a, b, c, d). This special issue of Earthquake Science, similar to other publications (e.g., Li YG et al., 2021), reflects a profile of the on-going works of CSES, by CSES, and for CSES. Totally 8 articles are included in the present issue, covering some aspects of research scopes of CSES.     

典型深街谷内树木空间配置对行人呼吸高度处气流的影响

为揭示树木的不同空间配植方案对行人呼吸高度气流的影响,本文将树木视为均匀多孔介质,通过附加源项法从空气动力学角度用CFD模拟了H/W=2的典型深街谷几何内4种树木配植情景,实验表明,不同空间配置下树木对街谷内行人呼吸高度处局地气流的影响强弱在空间分布模式上差异悬殊：① 均匀种植的树木对街谷内行人呼吸高度的气流起到阻碍作用,不均匀种植则有效提升街谷的整体流速。4种空间配植方案下树木对气流的影响程度不同,阻碍作用从大到小的顺序为均匀间距8 m（Spa8m）>均匀间距6 m（Spa6m）>均匀间距20 m（Spa20m）>不均匀配植（Non-uniform）;对应的平均气流增强指标顺序为$\bar{D}_{spa8}$（-19.31%）<$\bar{D}_{spa6}$（-16.14%）<$\bar{D}_{spa20}$（-10.73%）<$\bar{D}_{non-uniform}$（1.25%）。② 对比不均匀和均匀的种植方案,不均匀植树的街谷内部行人呼吸高度的气流流速比其对照案例（均匀植树Spa8m方案）整体增强了106.49%。街谷中部不种树,在街谷两端配置树木并预留足够的自由空间的不均匀植树方案,能够让角涡渗入街谷中部,促使街谷内部的垂直漩涡和两端的水平角涡运动,增强湍流和垂直交换,有效减少了街道两端“风口效应”和街道中部“风影效应”的区域,改善了整个街谷行人呼吸平面的风环境。④ 合理空间配置的树木能够改善街谷内部的行人风环境。街谷内行人呼吸高度处的气流对局地条件很敏感,树木的局部配置（空间簇集、密度）将引起强烈的空间变化。在既有城市建筑布局条件下,如何通过谨慎的景观设计,利用树木等城市绿化措施有效地改善城市的行人风环境,缓解污染扩散、疾病传播等问题,本文的方法可提供一定的参考。     

海水中铯-137的γ能谱测量不确定度评估

为科学评价测量结果的可靠性,对海水中137Cs γ能谱分析方法的不确定度进行了评估。根据《化学分析中不确定度的评估指南》,分析不确定度的来源并逐一对各不确定度分量进行了量化,最终计算了合成相对标准不确定度。结果表明,影响海水中137Cs γ能谱测量不确定度的因素分别为样品源137Cs峰区计数、标准源活度、取样体积、化学回收率、本底137Cs峰区计数及标准源137Cs峰区计数,其中样品源137Cs峰区计数的不确定度贡献最为突出。对于137Cs活度浓度为1.28 mBq/L的海水样品,其合成相对标准不确定度为9.78%。     

丝阵Z箍缩早期消融等离子体动力学的二维数值模拟研究

采用理想磁流体力学模型,给出合理的二维(r, θ)质量注入边界条件,对丝阵Z箍缩早期消融等离子体的动力学过程进行了二维(r, θ)数值模拟研究,得到消融等离子体各参量以及磁场的二维时空分布.模拟结果表明,消融等离子体的运动包括四个主要阶段:首先向轴漂移,然后在轴线处滞止并形成先驱等离子体柱,随后先驱等离子体柱被压缩,最后缓慢膨胀.计算了不同丝阵半径和丝间距情况下消融等离子体到轴速度以及消融质量占丝阵总质量的份额,它们的变化规律与实验结果基本符合.通过     

Duffing振子系统周期解的唯一性与精确周期信号的获取方法

研究Duffing振子系统的周期解的唯一性与精确周期信号的获取方法. 应用定性分析方法,获得了一类Duffing振子系统具有唯一周期解的必要条件,同时也得到了一类更广泛的非线性周期系统的周期解的唯一性.在一定条件下,给出了Duffing振子系统精确周期信号的获取方法.     

现代黄河三角洲沉积层压实下沉的计算分析

1855年以来形成的厚度为15 m的现代黄河三角洲分流叶瓣在遭废弃后的最近30 a内的沉积压实幅度为2.28～3.87 m,年平均压实量达0.1 m,其中黏土质粉砂被压实了25.8%,粉砂沉积地层被压实了15.2%,黏土质粉砂的沉积压实量是粉砂沉积压实量的1.7倍,在此期间基本上完成了三角洲压实下沉过程。下伏沉积地层的压缩量有限,不同沉积年代的沉积压实下沉量相差小,如厚度为20～30 m的沉积压实量仅有0.2～0.28 m,其中黏土质粉砂被压实了0.91%,粉砂被压实了1.19%,沉积地层平均被压实了1%。无论是黏土质粉砂还是粉砂,孔隙度与沉积地层深度呈负指数函数关系,黏粒含量愈高,孔隙水则愈难以排出,覆盖在下伏沉积地层上面的表层沉积物对压实下沉贡献愈大。     

Distributions and seasonal variations of dissolved carbohydrates in the Jiaozhou Bay,China

Surface seawater samples were collected in the Jiaozhou Bay, a typical semi-closed basin located at the western part of the Shandong Peninsula, China, during four cruises. Concentrations of monosaccharides (MCHO), polysaccharides (PCHO) and total dissolved carbohydrates (TCHO) were measured with the 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine spectroscopic method. Concentrations of TCHO varied from 10.8 to 276.1 μM C for all samples and the ratios of TCHO to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ranged from 1.1 to 67.9% with an average of 10.1%. This result indicated that dissolved carbohydrates were an important constituent of DOC in the surface seawater of the Jiaozhou Bay. In all samples, the concentrations of MCHO ranged from 2.9 to 65.9 μM C, comprising 46.1 ± 16.6% of TCHO on average, while PCHO ranged from 0.3 to 210.2 μM C, comprising 53.9 ± 16.6% of TCHO on average. As a major part of dissolved carbohydrates, the concentrations of PCHO were higher than those of MCHO. MCHO and PCHO accumulated in January and July, with minimum average concentration in April. The seasonal variation in the ratios of TCHO to DOC was related to water temperature, with high values in January and low values in July and October. The concentrations of dissolved carbohydrates displayed a decreasing trend from the coastal to the central areas. Negative correlations between concentrations of TCHO and salinity in July suggested that riverine input around the Jiaozhou Bay had an important effect on the concentrations of dissolved carbohydrates in surface seawater. The pattern of distributions of MCHO and PCHO reported in this study added to the global picture of dissolved carbohydrates distribution.     

汇聚板块边缘岩浆中金属和氯的地球化学性质研究

总结了铜(Cu)、金(Au)、铼(Re)和氯(Cl)在汇聚板块边缘岩浆中的性质。在岛弧型的火山岩岩浆演化的早期,Cu、Au和Re均表现为中度不相容元素,含量随SiO2含量的增加而增加。在SiO2质量分数为58%时,多数岛弧型火山岩中Au、Cu的含量会突然大幅度下降。这一变化与铁和钛的变化是耦合的,铁和钛均由不相容元素变为相容元素,显示钛磁铁矿开始结晶了。进一步的研究表明,钛磁铁矿的结晶使硫酸根被还原为氢硫酸根,后者与Au、Cu形成氢硫酸根络合物,被萃取到流体相中,从而形成成矿流体。这一过程可以很好地解释Au、Cu矿床广泛分布于汇聚板块边缘的现象。与Au、Cu相反,Re的含量在SiO2质量分数为60%时才开始下降,而且是缓慢下降。这是因为Re通常比Au、Cu更亲石。此外,Re还具有强烈的挥发性。氯在东Manus岩浆中表现为高度不相容的特点。氯的性质主要受压力、初始水含量和岩浆演化分异程度的控制。计算结果显示,由于MORB和OIB含水量低,分异演化程度低,氯在上述岩浆中表现为高度不相容的特点。相比之下,氯在岛弧岩浆中的性质就复杂得多。随着水含量和岩浆房深度的不同,氯的性质可以从相容变到高度不相容。