Continual erosion of bare rocks after the Wenchuan earthquake and control strategies

The newly bared rocks created by the Wenchuan earthquake are undergoing continual intensive erosion in the form of detachment and movement of individual grains. Grain erosion is defined as the phenomenon of breaking down bare rocks under the action of insolation and temperature change, detachment of grains from the rockwalls by wind, flow down of grains on the slope under the action of gravity, and accumulation of grains at the toe of the mountain, forming a deposit fan. The Wenchuan earthquake, which occurred in Sichuan on May 12, 2008, caused thousands of avalanches and landslides and left scars on slopes and a huge area of bare rocks. Grain erosion causes flying stones, injured humans and resulted in numerous slope debris flows. The process of grain erosion and strategies to limit the erosion were studied by field investigations and field experiments. According to these field investigations and field studies, the most serious grain erosion occurs in spring and early summer when it is very dry. Rocks are broken down to grains under the action of insolation and temperature change. Then, wind blows the grains from the bare rock down slope. Experimental results showed that the amount of grains blown down by wind per area of rock surface per unit time is proportional to the fourth power of the wind speed. However, the size of the grains blown down by wind increases linearly with the wind speed. An experiment proved that grain erosion can be controlled with two moss species. Moss spores were mixed with clay suspension and splashed on bare rocks. The moss species germinated on the rock surface in one month and greened the bare rocks in two months. The moss layer protected the rocks from insolation and mitigated the effects of temperature change, thus effectively mitigated grain erosion.     

Advances on Assessment of Bioclimatic Comfort Conditions at Home and Abroad

The evaluation of bioclimatic comfort conditions has very important theoretical meaning and practical value, not only beacause it can help travelers choose their favorate holiday destinations, but also because it can provide scientific foundation for the assessment of urban living environment. It has become a hot topic recently, driven by the flourishing tourism and the improvement of people’s living standard. The research history on assessment of bioclimatic comfort conditions, which may date back almost a century, is divided into three peroids based on a detailed survey of literature related to this topic over the past century. The infulential assessment models in each period are introduced. The historical background, basic idea and applicable conditions for each model are described in detail. The research shows that: ①bioclimatic comfort assessment models have been evolved from simple empirical models limited to space and time into complicated, impersonal, and universal energy balance models, which shows the trend of sophistication and objectivity; ②Today, empirical models are still widely used for the assessment of comfortable climates in China, and thus it is important to select the appropriate ones to make sure they are good for use for a study area or in a particular season; ③there are some problems calling for immediate resolution, such as to develop universal assessment models as well as to explore fine scale assessment techniques; ④the evaluation on featured comfortable climates, which might expand the study area of comfortable climates assessment, is an important research direction in the future.     

基于GIS和RUSLE的滇西北山区土壤侵蚀空间特征分析——以云南省丽江县为例

土壤侵蚀空间分布特征,是进行土壤侵蚀防治规划、实践的重要基础与依据。研究以云南省丽江县为例,应用RUSLE估算了县域土壤侵蚀量,并基于G IS的空间统计分析功能,分析了土壤侵蚀在海拔、坡度与土地利用类型等方面的空间分布特征。结果表明,全县平均土壤侵蚀模数为52.50 t/(hm2.a),属于强度侵蚀,县域东部的金沙江沿岸、3 500~6 000 m高程带、25°~90°坡度带,以及裸地与荒草地、旱地等不同类型区域是研究区土壤侵蚀治理的重点地区。     

基于地理本体的海湾空间数据组织方法——以辽东湾为例

数字海湾的建设,面临着空间数据组织问题。本文在对基于分层和基于地理特征的空间数据组织方式及元数据技术深入分析的基础上,针对海湾多要素、多层次、多资源和多领域的复杂系统,采用地理本体的思想进行海湾的认知表达,并由此提出了基于地理本体的海湾空间数据组织方法。通过对海湾地理本体的建模,建立了更能客观反映海湾地理实体各个层次体系的概念模型,再根据海湾概念和已有的多源空间数据集之间的映射关系,重构地理本体支持下的海湾空间数据库,从而实现海湾多源空间数据的海、滩、陆一体化集成与管理。最后,以辽东湾为例,对该海湾所涉及到的多源空间数据进行了有效的组织。结果表明,利用地理本体的思想对空间数据进行组织管理,可以消除不同领域对信息理解的鸿沟,有利于数据的共享和互操作。     

Numerical Simulation of 3D Borehole‐to‐Surface Electrical Method

The anomaly response characteristics of the vertical line‐source 3D borehole‐to‐surface model are simulated by an adaptive finite element method. The calculation shows that the anomaly in the radial direction is pressed and the closer to the source, the more pronounced, the anomaly is stretched in the direction perpendicular to the radius. Adding a B pole in the Y direction can offset the effect of stretching to some extent. The anomaly that is closer to the source of the profile is clearer than the anomaly that is far from the source. The research results are of great significance for guiding the practical application of the borehole‐to‐surface electrical method.     

基于时空影响因子的未来社区生活圈公共服务设施优化配置北大核心CSCD

公共服务设施作为社区生活圈的核心内容,直接决定了社区生活圈的生活品质。对社区公共服务设施建设情况进行量化评价,并对设施建设的未来规划提供科学决策支持逐渐成为规划者和决策者的一大难题。本文通过ArcGIS工具对POI数据进行处理、统计和可视化,在总结他人社区生活圈量化评价方法的基础上,结合温州本地特色,搭建了一套社区生活圈公共服务设施评价模型。利用该模型可对各类社区进行综合评分和分级,并根据模型评分结果挖掘公共服务设施未来优化方向。此外,还实现了社区生活圈评分的动态计算与展示,为社区服务设施建设选址、路网建设与公共服务设施建设优先级评定等提供决策支持。既可帮助规划者和决策者快速建立对整个区域生活圈建设现状的量化认知,又可助力公共服务设施的优化配置,为社区生活圈公共服务品质评价与提升探寻全新的思路与方法。     

利用电导率测井与压水试验联合评价岩体渗透性的方法

进行地下水封洞库的水封条件分析评价必须获得准确可靠的建库岩体渗透性参数,而获取岩体渗透系数常用的传统水文地质试验方法存在明显的不足。为了试验数据的精确性,文章基于广义径向流（GRF）理论,依托烟台某地下水封洞工程,以丙烷洞库交通巷道钻孔为例,开展压水试验并采用非稳定流理论的GRF模型优化解析试验数据,结合电导率测井试验确定导水裂隙位置并求出裂隙范围内的渗透系数。试验结果表明:GRF模型比稳定流模型解析结果大1~2倍。原因在于裂隙岩体进行分段压水时,各段水流维度不一,传统稳定流理论假设水流维度只有二维流,而GRF模型为空间n维裂隙流用压水过程全部数据进行拟合,不同时段在相应维度下进行计算,因此其求算的渗透系数K更接近于试验段真值,具有更好的兼容性和实用性。同时利用电导率测井试验计算长度（导水裂隙范围）远远小于压水试验段计算长度的特点,可将GRF模型解析得出的分段渗透系数做进一步细化平均以提高压水试验解析结果的精度,为水封洞库效果评价、洞库涌水量预测提供更加科学可靠的数据基础。     

Structure,Timing, and Mechanism of the Pliocene and Late Miocene Uplift Process of the Ailao Shan-Diancang Shan,SE Tibet,China

The uplift of the Ailao Shan-Diancang Shan(ASDS) along the Ailao Shan-Red River(ASRR) shear zone is an important geological event in the southeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau tectonic domain in the Late Cenozoic,and it preserves important information on the structures,exhumational history and tectonic evolution of the ASRR shear zone.The uplift structural mode and uplift timing of the ASDS is currently an important scientific topic for understanding the ASDS formation and late stage movements and evolution of the ASRR shear zone.The formation of the ASDS has been widely considered to be the consequence of the strike-slip movements of the ASRR shear zone.However,the shaping of geomorphic units is generally direct results of the latest tectonic activities.In this study,we investigated the timing and uplift structural mechanism of the ASDS and provided the following lines of supportive evidence.Firstly,the primary tectonic foliation of the ASDS shows significant characteristic variations,with steeply dipping tectonic foliation developed on the east side of the ASDS and the relatively horizontal foliation on the west side.Secondly,from northeast to southwest direction,the deformation and metamorphism gradually weakened and this zone can be further divided into three different metamorphic degree belts.Thirdly,the contact relationship between the ASDS and the Chuxiong basin-Erhai lake is a normal fault contact which can be found on the east side of the ASDS.40Ar/39 Argeochronology suggests that the Diancang Shan had experienced a fast cooling event during 3–4 Ma.The apatite fission track testing method gives the age of 6.6–10.7 Ma in the Diancang Shan and 4.6–8.4 Ma in the Ailao Shan,respectively.Therefore the uplift of the ASDS can be explained by tilted block mode in which the east side was uplifted much higher than the west side,and it is not main reason of the shearing movements of the ASRR shear zone.The most recent uplift stages of the ASDS happened in the Pliocene(3–4 Ma) and Late Miocene(6–10 Ma).     

广域电磁法在豫西地区济源凹陷古生界油气勘探中的应用

豫西地区济源凹陷由山地和丘陵组成,地形条件复杂,地震资料品质较差,盆地内断裂形态结构、深部古生界展布特征等不清楚,制约着济源凹陷的油气勘探和资源潜力评价。本文利用广域电磁法在豫西地区济源凹陷进行方法应用研究,采用“地球物理资料综合处理解释一体化系统”进行数据处理与反演,获得了地下真实的电性特征,建立了目标层与视电阻率的电性关系,刻画了研究区目标层的构造特征。本研究查明了济源凹陷西部斜坡的断裂结构特征,新识别出12条断裂;揭示石炭-二叠系厚度分布范围在200～1800 m,最大埋深2200 m;奥陶系顶界面埋深分布在300～2450 m,呈“条带状”展布,得到了地质调查井岩心编录的证实。     

基于偏最小二乘回归的冬季北太平洋风暴轴指数的特征诊断

针对现有风暴轴指数分析大多采用相关分析等较为简单方法,难以对风暴轴指数变化有效诊断分析的问题,引入偏最小二乘回归(Partial Least Square Regression,PLS)的线性方法和核偏最小二乘回归方法(Kernel Partial Least Square Regression,KPLS),对冬季北太平洋风暴轴指数变化进行了特征诊断研究,并与传统的线性无偏最小二乘回归结果进行了试验比对。结果表明:偏最小二乘回归方法的诊断结果能够更好地反映风暴轴内部变化规律,并有效降低诊断误差。对于PNYI(北太平洋风暴轴纬度指数),采用r0. 2的因子筛选方案(r为因子与风暴轴指数的相关系数)并应用KPLS算法时,预测效果最佳;对于PNXI(北太平洋风暴轴经度指数)和PNII(北太平洋风暴轴强度指数),采用全因子方案并应用KPLS算法时,预测效果最佳。