2013—2016年北京朝阳站PM2.5质量浓度变化特征

利用2013年2月至2016年1月北京朝阳环境气象站PM2.5质量浓度和同步地面风数据,重点分析了PM2.5质量浓度的变化特征及受地面风的影响情况。观测期间测点PM2.5年平均质量浓度为80.6±4.0 μg·m-3,为环境空气质量标准(GB3095—2012)二级年均浓度限值(35 μg·m-3)的约2.3倍,季节变化特征明显,冬季最高（115.1 μg·m-3）、夏季最低（58.5 μg·m-3）。测点主导风向为ENE—E—ESE,风速主要集中在0.2~2.0 m·s-1。当地面风来自ENE—E—ESE方向时PM2.5质量浓度最高（109.1 μg·m-3）,来自WNW—NW—NNW方向时最低（39.5 μg·m-3）。PM2.5质量浓度随风速增大先上升后下降,在0.4 m·s-1时达最高,为139.2 μg·m-3。风速在0.2~2.0 m·s-1时主要受ENE—E—ESE方向影响,而2~6 m·s-1时主要受ESE方向影响较大。通过与其他站点的比较发现,不同站点各方向污染源和地面风的差异导致了PM2.5质量浓度在各方向分布的差异。     

追踪比特币新币走向:一种基于交易网络结构特征识别矿工的方案

比特币是近年关注度最高的虚拟电子货币,"挖矿"是在此生态中最重要的获利方式之一.本文通过分析比特币交易间的引用关系,追踪区块链中挖矿所得的新币走向,构建新币流通网络.通过对比不同矿池所挖得的新币流通网络,设计了启发式算法识别比特币矿工群体,并以此推断矿池常见的收益分配方式.此外,本文还对矿工群体规模的逐年增长趋势进行了刻画.     

湖南省油菜春季涝渍过程灾变判别指标

以湖南省油菜为研究对象,综合洪涝与连阴雨的致灾因子,利用历史灾情数据反演涝渍过程样本,构建临灾、受灾状态样本,采用均值t检验方法,定量分析不同降水累积衰减系数w情况下,降水因子差异的显著性,构建有效累积降水量P_E。基于Fisher判别准则,计算涝渍灾害临灾与受灾的临界线,构建逐日动态的油菜春季涝渍过程灾变判别指标y,并进行涝渍过程样本反演及独立样本验证。分析春季涝渍受灾频率与相对气象产量的关系,构建灾害影响评价模型。结果表明:当w=0.899时,受灾与临灾样本P_E的差异最显著。灾变判别指标y可逐日动态监测涝渍灾变过程及灾害后续影响,为动态监测区域油菜涝渍过程提供了数据支撑;指标指示的灾变范围与实际受灾情况基本一致,为区域防灾减灾提供了科学参考。开花期及结荚期湖南油菜涝渍受灾频率较高,成熟期较低。湖南省油菜春季涝渍灾害影响指数呈东南高西北低,长沙东部、株洲中部及北部、湘潭、永州及郴州中部油菜产量受涝渍灾害影响最重。     

台风“梅花”路径转折期间的结构特征分析与模拟

利用多种资料对2011年第9号热带气旋“梅花”的两次路径转折过程进行诊断分析和数值模拟,结果表明:副热带高压、中纬度槽和越赤道气流等外部大环境场的变化对路径转向有影响,第一次路径转折期间,眼墙和螺旋云带分布变化不大;第二次路径转折前后,台风眼墙从双眼墙结构演变成明显的非对称结构,台风眼区发生了眼墙置换与合并,以及螺旋云带与眼墙合并过程。机制的定量分析表明:第一次转向期间,环境风场的纬向和经向分量对引导气流的贡献在83%以上,表明外部环境风场对其路径转向的影响较大,内部的风暴尺度风场对其路径转折的影响程度较小;第二次转向期间,风暴尺度场的纬向分量对引导引流贡献的百分比从23%上升到36%,经向分量对引导引流贡献的百分比介于35%~47%之间,表明内部非对称结构与外部大尺度环境流场对第二次路径转折都有影响。     

鲁西北连续两次强降水过程对比分析

利用各种观测资料和NCEP/NCAR 1×1°再分析资料,对2012年7月30日夜间和31日夜间鲁西北连续两天强降雨天气进行诊断和对比分析。结果表明:强降水产生在西风槽前和副热带高压边缘的偏南暖湿气流中,西风槽稳定少动,台风在东南沿海北上,副高加强北抬,为鲁西北连续两天的强降水提供了天气尺度背景。925hPa及以下的低层,来自于渤海的偏东气流和来自于华东沿海的东南气流同时向鲁西北强降水区输送水汽,低层比湿大,CAPE和K指数较高。第1次强降水产生在偏南气流的暖区中,降水强度大,维持时间短。第2次强降水期间,低层有冷空气锲入,把暖湿气流抬升,前期为对流性降水,中后期转为稳定性降水,降水强度小,维持时间较长。850hPa及以下倒槽式切变线和中尺度低涡环流是造成强降水的中尺度影响系统,近地面层来自于渤海的东北气流与来自于东南沿海的东南暖湿气流形成中尺度涡旋,产生气旋式辐合上升,触发对流不稳定能量释放。对流云团在鲁西北形成长形的中尺度对流系统(MCS),稳定少动,有明显的列车效应和后向传播特征。强降水具有较强的日变化,夜间发展增强,白天减弱。     

Effects of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region,China

The first-stage of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region (TRSR), China, has been in progress for eight years. However, because the ecological effects of this project remain unknown, decision making for future project implementation is hindered. Thus, in this study, we developed an index system to evaluate the effects of the ecological restoration project, by integrating field observations, remote sensing, and process-based models. Effects were assessed using trend analyses of ecosystem structures and services. Results showed positive trends in the TRSR since the beginning of the project, but not yet a return to the optima of the 1970s. Specifically, while continued degradation in grassland has been initially contained, results are still far from the desired objective, ‘grassland coverage increasing by an average of 20%–40%’. In contrast, wetlands and water bodies have generally been restored, while the water conservation and water supply capacity of watersheds have increased. Indeed, the volume of water conservation achieved in the project meets the objective of a 1.32 billion m³ increase. The effects of ecological restoration inside project regions was more significant than outside, and, in addition to climate change projects, we concluded that the implementation of ecological conservation and restoration projects has substantially contributed to vegetation restoration. Nevertheless, the degradation of grasslands has not been fundamentally reversed, and to date the project has not prevented increasing soil erosion. In sum, the effects and challenges of this first-stage project highlight the necessity of continuous and long-term ecosystem conservation efforts in this region.     

Spatiotemporal correlation in WebGIS group-user intensive access patterns

Group-user intensive access to WebGIS exhibits spatiotemporal behaviour patterns with aggregation features and regularity distributions when geospatial data are accessed repeatedly over time and aggregated in certain spatial areas. We argue that these observable group-user access patterns provide a foundation for improved optimization of WebGIS so that it can respond to volume intensive requests with a higher quality of service and improve performance. Subsequently, a measure of access popularity distribution must precisely reflect the access aggregation and regularity features found in group-user intensive access. In our research, we considered both the temporal distribution characteristics and spatial correlation in the access popularity of tiled geospatial data (tiles). Based on the observation that group-user access follows a Zipf-like law, we built a tile-access popularity distribution based on time-sequence, to express the access aggregation of group-users with heavy-tailed characteristics. Considering the spatial locality of user-browsed tiles, we built a quantitative expression for the correlation between tile-access popularities and the distances to hotspot tiles, reflecting the attenuation of tile-access popularity to distance. Moreover, given the geographical spatial dependency and scale attribute of tiles, and the time-sequence of tile-access popularity, we built a Poisson regression model to express the degree of correlation among the accesses to adjacent tiles at different scales, reflecting the spatiotemporal correlation in tile access patterns. Experiments verify the accuracy of our Poisson regression model, which we then applied to a cluster-based cache-prefetching scenario. The results show that our model successfully reflects the spatiotemporal aggregation features of group-user intensive access and group-user behaviour patterns in WebGIS. The refined mathematical method in our model represents a time-sequence distribution of intensive access to tiles and the spatial aggregation and correlation in access to tiles at different scales, quantitatively expressing group-user spatiotemporal behaviour patterns with aggregation features and a regular distribution. Our proposed model provides a precise and empirical basis for performance-optimization strategies in WebGIS services, such as planning computing resource allocation and utilization, distributed storage of geospatial data, and providing distributed services so as to respond rapidly to geospatial data requests, thus addressing the challenges of volume-intensive user access.     

Changes in wheat potential productivity and drought severity in Southwest China

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Wheat production in Southwest China (SWC) plays a vital role in guaranteeing local grain security, but it is threatened by increasingly frequent seasonal...     

Observed particle sizes and fluxes of Aeolian sediment in the near surface layer during sand-dust storms in the Taklamakan Desert

Monitoring, modeling and predicting the formation and movement of dust storms across the global deserts has drawn great attention in recent decades. Nevertheless, the scarcity of real-time observations of the wind-driven emission, transport and deposition of dusts has severely impeded progress in this area. In this study, we report an observational analysis of sand-dust storm samples collected at seven vertical levels from an 80-m-high flux tower located in the hinterland of the great Taklamakan Desert for ten sand-dust storm events that occurred during 2008–2010. We analyzed the vertical distribution of sandstorm particle grain sizes and horizontal sand-dust sediment fluxes from the near surface up to 80 m high in this extremely harsh but highly representative environment. The results showed that the average sandstorm grain size was in the range of 70 to 85 μm. With the natural presence of sand dunes and valleys, the horizontal dust flux appeared to increase with height within the lower surface layer, but was almost invariant above 32 m. The average flux values varied within the range of 8 to 14 kg m^?2 and the vertical distribution was dominated by the wind speed in the boundary layer. The dominant dust particle size was PM₁₀₀ and below, which on average accounted for 60–80 % of the samples collected, with 0.9–2.5 % for PM_0–2.5, 3.5–7.0 % for PM_0–10, 5.0–14.0 % for PM_0–20 and 20.0–40.0 % for PM_0–50. The observations suggested that on average the sand-dust vertical flux potential is about 0.29 kg m^?2 from the top of the 80 m tower to the upper planetary boundary layer and free atmosphere through the transport of particles smaller than PM₂₀. Some of our results differed from previous measurements from other desert surfaces and laboratory wind-dust experiments, and therefore provide valuable observations to support further improvement of modeling of sandstorms across different natural environmental conditions.     

Comparison of monthly rainfall generated from dynamical and statistical downscaling methods: a case study of the Heihe River Basin in China

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Monthly rainfall in the Heihe River Basin (HRB) was simulated by the dynamical downscaling model (DDM) and statistical downscaling model (SDM). The...