Responding to Global Warming: Mitigation Policies and Actions of Stakeholders in China’s Tourism Industry

China’s tourism industry has witnessed rapid progress in recent years, and is now an important part of global tourism in dealing with climate change. Within a framework of Pressure-State-Response (PSR), this paper focuses on the emission reduction pressure, carbon emission status, and responses of stakeholders in China’s tourism industry. Findings include: 1) The central government’s strategy and rapid growth of the industry scale exert rising pressure on China’s tourism to reduce carbon emissions. 2) Carbon emissions of China's tourism account for 13%-14.6% of global tourism, and about 3% of China’s emissions overall. Chinese tourists’ per capita carbon emission is lower than half of the global level. 3) The Chinese government attaches great importance to energy-saving and carbon emission reduction. In the tourism industry, documents, standards and other regulative measures have been issued to ensure that business practitioners set up green operational and managerial systems. In the field of tourism transportation, China's high-speed rail, new energy vehicles, and urban shared bicycles, have developed very rapidly in recent years, and they have effectively reduced the carbon emissions in traveling. Furthermore, this paper finds that Chinese tourists already have awareness and willingness for low-carbon tourism.     

基于RS和GIS的松花江流域植被覆盖动态变化研究

利用遥感和地理信息系统技术对1989,1995年的Landsat TM数据和2002年Landsat ETM＋三期遥感数据进行处理,反演和计算松花江流域的归一化植被指数（NDVI）,在此基础上,获取研究区域植被覆盖度。在ArcGIS9.2软件空间分析模块的支持下,对研究区域三期植被覆盖影像进行叠加分析,以流域尺度和栅格尺度分析植被覆盖变化的时间和空间特性,获取研究区域植被覆盖度空间格局分布特征,为该区域植被覆盖度的自动化监测提供很好的技术支持。     

Rossby waves with linear topography in barotropic fluids

Rossby waves are the most important waves in the atmosphere and ocean, and are parts of a large-scale system in fluid. The theory and observation show that, they satisfy quasi-geostrophic and quasi-static equilibrium approximations. In this paper, solitary Rossby waves induced by linear topography in barotropic fluids with a shear flow are studied. In order to simplify the problem, the topography is taken as a linear function of latitude variable y, then employing a weakly nonlinear method and a perturbation method, a KdV （Korteweg-de Vries） equation describing evolution of the amplitude of solitary Rossby waves induced by linear topography is derived. The results show that the variation of linear topography can induce the solitary Rossby waves in barotropic fluids with a shear flow, and extend the classical geophysical theory of fluid dynamics.     

Turning depths of internal tides in the South China Sea inferred from profile data

Theoretically, propagating internal tides in the ocean may reflect at turning depths, where buoyancy frequencies equal tidal frequencies, before colliding with the air-sea interface or rugged bottom topography. Globally, the internal tide lower turning depths（ITLTDs） in the open ocean have been mapped; however, knowledge of the presence of ITLTDs in the South China Sea（SCS） is lacking. In this study, 2 125 high-quality temperature-salinity profiles（including 58 deep-sea hydrographic measurements...     

海南岛博鳌港沉积物的沿岸输送

分析了博港沿岸沉积牧粒度参数的沿岸变化，并应用沉积物粒径趋势分析模型（GSTA模型）对沉积物运动趋势进行了分析。GSTA模型结果表明，博鳌港沿岸的泥沙在横向上表现为：万泉河口以北岸段为由海向岸运动，近期处于淤积状态；万泉河口以南岸段即玉带滩大致以NNE走向到NE走向的转折点为界，北部主要是由岸向海运动，是侵蚀岸段，而南部则主要为由海向岸运动，有少量的淤积，博鳌港沿岸泥沙输送在纵向上表现为：万泉河口以北由南向北运动，万泉河口以南，北部是由北向南运动，南部是由南向北运动，其次还运用了经验公式对GSTA结果进行了验证，得到了通过万泉河口南部（玉带滩）3个断面的沿岸漂沙量，其沿岸漂沙方向主要为南北向，以上两种分析方法得出的结果和当地的许多地貌证据基本符合，而GSTA模型在玉带滩北部泥沙纵向输运方向与经验公式计算结果所表现出的一些差异，主要是由于研究时间尺度和所用的资料特征的差异性造成的。     

海底观测网发展现状及趋势研究

文中详细研究了当前世界上最典型的海底观测网的建设发展规模、形式、设备类型以及我国海底观测网的发展现状,并对国内外海底观测网的发展趋势进行总结。对日本、加拿大、美国及欧洲的海底观测网进行了设备级研究,对我国台湾地区、东海、南海的海底观测网现状进行了研究,并讨论了国外先进观测网对我国的海底观测网建设的借鉴意义。文中总结出海底观测网发展的整体趋势为:单节点网络加速验证新型设备及传感器的水下能力;区域尺度网络用于加速多学科发展并提升灾害预警能力;而浮标平台网络作为补充,铺设在远海区域以降低阶段建设成本。     

库车坳陷下侏罗统岩石古应力场与砂岩储层性质

对库车坳陷下侏罗统野外定向岩石样品的岩石力学性质的测试结果表明,下侏罗统以压扁变形明显、拉伸变形较弱为特点。自侏罗纪以来,该区经历了至少4期古构造变形作用,其变形方式主要为近EW向的以脆性变形为主的褶皱变形作用。在平面上,该区明显地表现为东弱西强的构造挤压变形特征,并对砂岩的储层性质产生重要影响。东区平均古构造应力值为19．8～28．3MPa,对应的平均砂岩孔隙度为17．1％;西区平均古构造应力值为62．6～80．1MPa,对应的平均砂岩孔隙度为6．4％～4．6％。     

基于技术经济评价的取心钻进方法设计

提出了一种进行取心钻进设计的新方法,其特点是将技术经济学的思想引入钻探工程设计中,从而实现取心钻进方法的优选。该方法具有通用性,可用于任何钻探项目取心钻进方法的选择。在研究中,建立了评价取心钻进施工的技术经济评价指标体系;推导了钻进时间和成本的计算公式,并以一个5000m取心钻进项目的设计为例,对CCSD科钻一井的取心钻进方法进行了评价,证明由中国大陆科学钻探工程中心发明和研制成功的螺杆马达-液动锤-提钻取心法是一种高效、优质、低成本和安全的取心钻进方法。     

Numerical prediction of an intense convective system associated with the July 1987 montreal flood. part II: A trailing stratiform rainband

Abstract

In this study, the internal circulation structures of the 14 July 1987 intense mesoscale convective system (MCS) are investigated using an improved high‐resolution version of the Canadian regional finite‐element model. It is found that although the MCS is characterized by a leading convective line followed by a trailing stratiform rainband, the associated circulation structures differ substantially from those in the classical midlatitude squall system. These include the rapid propagation and separation of the leading convection from the trailing rainband, the development of a surface‐based instead of an elevated rear‐to‐front descending flow and a shallow front‐to‐rear ascending flow associated with the stratiform precipitation, the generation of low‐ and mid‐level rather than mid‐ to upper‐level stratiform cloudiness and the development of a strong anticyclonic vorticity band at the back edge of the stratiform region. It is shown that the trailing stratiform rainband is dynamically forced by frontogenetical processes, and aided by the release of conditional symmetric instability and local orographical lifting. The intense leading and trailing circulations result from latent heat released by the convective and explicit cloud schemes, respectively. Sensitivity experiments reveal that the proper coupling of these two cloud schemes is instrumental in obtaining a realistic prediction of the above‐mentioned various mesoscale components. Vorticity budget calculations show that tilting of horizontal vorticity contributes the most to the amplification of the anticyclonic vorticity band, particularly during the squall's incipient stage. The sensitivity of the simulated squall system to other model physical parameters is also examined.