Comparative phylogeography of African rain forest trees: A review of genetic signatures of vegetation history in the Guineo-Congolian region

The biogeographic history of the African rain forests has been contentious. Phylogeography, the study of the geographic distribution of genetic lineages within species, can highlight the signatures of historical events affecting the demography and distribution of species (i.e. population fragmentation or size changes, range expansion/contraction) and, thereby, the ecosystems they belong to. The accumulation of recent data for African rain forests now enables a first biogeographic synthesis for the region. In this review, we explain which phylogeographic patterns are expected under different scenarios of past demographic change, and we give an overview of the patterns detected in African rain forest trees to discuss whether they support alternative hypotheses regarding the history of the African rain forest cover. The major genetic discontinuities in the region support the role of refugia during climatic oscillations, though not necessarily following the classically proposed scenarios. We identify in particular a genetic split between the North and the South of the Lower Guinean region. Finally we provide some perspectives for future study.     

Geochemical characteristics and age of metamorphic sole rocks within a Neotethyan ophiolitic mélange from Konya region (central southern Turkey)

Palaeo- and Neo-Tethyan-related magmatic and metamorphic units crop out in Konya region in the south central Anatolia. The Neotethyan assemblage is characterized by mélange and ophiolitic units of Late Cretaceous age. They tectonically overlie the Middle Triassic–Upper Cretaceous neritic to pelagic carbonates of the Tauride platform. The metamorphic sole rocks within the Konya mélange crop out as thin slices beneath the sheared serpentinites and harzburgites. The rock types in the metamorphic sole are amphibolite, epidote-amphibolite, garnet-amphibole schist, plagioclase-amphibole schist, plagioclase-epidote-amphibole schist and quartz-amphibole schist. The geochemistry of the metamorphic sole rocks suggests that they were derived from the alkaline (seamount) and tholeiitic (E-MORB, IAT and boninitic type) magmatic rocks from the upper part of the Neotethyan oceanic crust. Four samples from the amphibolitic rocks yielded ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar isotopic ages, ranging from 87.04 ± .36 Ma to 84.66 ± .30 Ma. Comparison of geochemistry and geochronology for the amphibolitic rocks suggests that the alkaline amphibolite (seamount-type) cooled below 510 ± 25 °C at 87 Ma whereas the tholeiitic amphibolites at 85 Ma during intraoceanic thrusting/subduction. When all the evidence combined together, the intraoceanic subduction initiated in the vicinity of an off-axis plume or a plume-centered spreading ridge in the Inner Tauride Ocean at 87 Ma. During the later stage of the steady-state subduction, the E-MORB volcanics on the top of the down-going slab and the arc-type basalts (IAT/boninitic) detached from the leading edge of the overriding plate, entered the subduction zone after ~2 my and metamorphosed to amphibolite facies in the Inner Tauride Ocean. Duration of the intraoceanic detachment (~87 Ma) and ophiolite emplacement onto the Tauride-Anatolide Platform (Tav?anl? Zone), followed by subsequent HP/LT metamorphism (~82 Ma) spanned ~5 my in the western part of the Inner Tauride Ocean.     

庐枞盆地及周缘地区黄马青组沉积微相及与含铜岩系的关系

庐枞盆地及其周缘地区黄马青组具有典型的河控三角洲沉积层序,为前三角洲亚相-三角洲前缘亚相沉积。上段主要由泥岩-砂岩组成,三角洲前缘亚相,发育远砂坝、河口砂坝、分流间湾、分支河道和天然堤等微相,总体构成向上变粗的海退三角洲序列。含铜岩系分布于黄马青组上段,由灰绿色、深灰等还原色调的粉砂质泥岩或泥质粉砂岩等细碎屑岩类组成,属于三角洲前缘亚相中的分流间湾微相环境,在庐枞盆地中南部最为发育。     

地震多属性融合曲线重构技术在储层预测中的应用

受特殊岩性及井壁垮塌等因素的影响,利用实测声波、密度曲线及由其计算的波阻抗难以区分文昌A油田珠江组一段储层的岩性及物性,给储层预测带来了困难。笔者利用测井—地震多属性反映岩性特征,并对目的层段的声波曲线进行了重构处理。应用该技术重构的曲线能真正反映储层的特点,突显储层与围岩的差异,提高了波阻抗反演剖面的分辨率,显著改善了对储层的描述和预测能力。通过在文昌A油田的实际应用,取得了良好的效果。     

贵州开阳磷矿山体崩塌形成机理与数值模拟

近年来,开阳磷矿区内地质环境和生态环境急剧恶化,山体崩塌等地质灾害频发。本文以开阳磷矿某崩塌为例,利用三维有限元软件MIDAS/GTS模拟地下采矿对斜坡变形的影响关系,分析崩塌的形成机理。研究结果表明地下采矿将会引起坡体产生差异沉降和应力集中,是形成该崩塌的决定性因素。结合地质分析将崩塌的发展过程分为:地下采矿-坡体应力调整-坡表差异沉降-结构面J1错动开裂-结构面J2剪断贯通-坡体失稳等6个阶段。     

溪洛渡水电站某危岩体稳定性及加固措施研究

在现场调查分析的基础上,提出了溪洛渡水电站某危岩体的两种可能失稳模式（剪切坠落或拉裂倾倒失稳）,进而建立了相应的稳定性计算极限平衡力学模型,而且对危岩体的变形和破坏特征进行了数值模拟分析,分析结果表明,危岩体抗拉裂倾倒稳定性较差,剪切坠落失稳的稳定性系数较高。在稳定性分析的基础上,计算出危岩体倾倒失稳时,安全系数为1.5时的锚固力,进而提出了危岩体加固方案：充填凹岩腔+填充裂隙+预应力锚索＋锚杆联合加固,数值模拟表明此加固方案效果良好。     

遥感影像的Web发布研究与实现

随着互联网络的迅猛发展和Ｗｅｂ在网络信息集成中起到越来越大的作用。地理信息系统已经从桌面向网络方向发展,出现了对于ＷｅｂＧＩＳ的研究。针对ＷｅｂＧＩＳ中的影像发布,根据当前影像及ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ的特点,系统地研究了遥感影像Ｗｅｂ发布中的体系结构与技术问题,实现了遥感影像Ｗｅｂ发布系统,并讨论了它与ＷｅｂＧＩＳ的集成。     

数字地图的三维可视化研究及其若干应用

三维可视化理论与技术的引入使得传统静态的、平面的地图向动态的、三维的方向发展, 地图的三维可视化正成为GIS与数字制图领域的一个新的研究课题.数字地图及其建库技术的研究为其三维可视化研究提供了有力的技术支持和充足的数据来源.主要研究基于等高线与离散高程点的地形模型(DEM) 的建立、兼顾地形(即基于DEM) 的街区与街道、居民地模型的建立, 以及植被、道路、水系等各主要要素的三维模型的建立及其显示, 对三维点状地图符号库的建立、模型的动态显示及航空影像的叠加显示等进行了研究.最后对三维可视化技术在基于数字地图的地貌晕渲、模拟飞行、虚拟城市等方面的应用作了探讨.      

GIS中一般曲线的不确定性模型

本文对ＧＩＳ中一般曲线的误差进行了研究。曲线的误差由构成该曲线的任意点之误差描述。曲线上任意点的误差由端点及距离误差传播导出的误差之加权平均值的协方差表示,本文分别给出了垂直方向误差（εσ）及最大方向误差（εｍ）的计算模型。以三次Ｂ样条曲线为例,给出了其建模及可视化结果,进一步地将该结果与折线及圆曲线的情况进行了比较。