全球变暖背景下新疆地区近45 a来最大冻土深度变化及其突变分析

利用覆盖新疆大部分地区资料完整的93个站点资料,对1961-2005年新疆地区最大冻土深度进行了分析. 结果表明：新疆地区月最大冻土深度有明显的季节变化,低海拔区域(海拔<1 800 m)最大值出现在1月份,而高海拔区域(海拔≥1 800 m)的最大值出现在2月份,比低海拔区域要滞后. 新疆地区最大冻土深度的地理分布特征表现为北疆深于南疆,山区深于平原,且与气温的分布有很好的一致性. 全年和冬、春季最大冻土深度与气温场的空间相关系数分别为-0.795、-0.736和-0.848. 年际变化表明,近45 a来的最大冻土深度出现了较为明显的下降. 高海拔区域与低海拔区域年最大冻土深度的倾向率分别为-15.65 cm·(10a)^-1和-9.48 cm·(10a)^-1,且与气温的相关系数分别为-0.51和-0.69,均通过了0.001的信度检验. 同时发现,高海拔区域冬季下降多,而低海拔区域春季下降多. 新疆地区年最大冻土深度在近45 a有明显的突变现象,高海拔区域和低海拔区域突变发生年份分别为1996/1997年度和1978/1979年度,说明新疆地区高海拔区域的年最大冻土深度对气温变化的响应比低海拔区域要滞后. 突变年后高海拔区域与低海拔区域年最大冻土深度比突变年前的平均值分别降低了61.12 cm和26.67 cm.     

南京长江新济洲群湿地保护与恢复规划设计

以南京长江新济洲群湿地为例,分析了在长江中下游开展洲滩湿地生态恢复的重要意义和必要性,在分析了南京长江新济洲群湿地退化现状及其驱动因素的基础上,对其保护和恢复规划设计进行了探讨,希望为长江中下游洲滩湿地的保护和生态恢复提供思路和借鉴。     

Exploring the impact of diagenesis on (isotope) geochemical and microstructural alteration features in biogenic aragonite

For the Quaternary and Neogene, aragonitic biogenic and abiogenic carbonates are frequently exploited as archives of their environment. Conversely, pre‐Neogene aragonite is often diagenetically altered and calcite archives are studied instead. Nevertheless, the exact sequence of diagenetic processes and products is difficult to disclose from naturally altered material. Here, experiments were performed to understand biogenic aragonite alteration processes and products. Shell subsamples of the bivalve Arctica islandica were exposed to hydrothermal alteration. Thermal boundary conditions were set at 100°C, 175°C and 200°C. These comparably high temperatures were chosen to shorten experimental durations. Subsamples were exposed to different ¹⁸O‐depleted fluids for durations between two and twenty weeks. Alteration was documented using X‐ray diffraction, cathodoluminescence, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy, as well as conventional and clumped isotope analyses. Experiments performed at 100°C show redistribution and darkening of organic matter, but lack evidence for diagenetic alteration, except in Δ₄₇ which show the effects of annealing processes. At 175°C, valves undergo significant aragonite to calcite transformation and neomorphism. The δ¹⁸O signature supports transformation via dissolution and reprecipitation, but isotopic exchange is limited by fluid migration through the subsamples. Individual growth increments in these subsamples exhibit bright orange luminescence. At 200°C, valves are fully transformed to calcite and exhibit purple‐blue luminescence with orange bands. The δ¹⁸O and Δ₄₇ signatures reveal exchange with the aqueous fluid, whereas δ¹³C remains unaltered in all experiments, indicating a carbonate‐buffered system. Clumped isotope temperatures in high‐temperature experiments show compositions in broad agreement with the measured temperature. Experimentally induced alteration patterns are comparable with individual features present in Pleistocene shells. This study represents a significant step towards sequential analysis of diagenetic features in biogenic aragonites and sheds light on reaction times and threshold limits. The limitations of a study restricted to a single test organism are acknowledged and call for refined follow‐up experiments.     

赣西北大雾塘钨矿区地质特征及Re-Os同位素年代学研究

通过对大湖塘钨矿田的大雾塘钨矿区辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年代学的研究,测得辉钼矿的w(Re)为0.3368×10~(-6)~8.256×10~(-6),获得的5个模式年龄比较一致,介于(136.6±2.2)Ma~(138.4±2.4)Ma,加权平均年龄为(137.7±2.7)Ma(MSWD=0.07)。将5个模式年龄进行等时线年龄计算,获得一条相关性较好的~(187)Re-~(187)Os等时线,计算得到辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为(137.9±2.0)Ma(MSWD=0.20),与加权平均年龄一致,可代表辉钼矿的形成年龄。结合石门寺和狮尾洞矿区典型矿床地质、地球化学特征和成岩作用时空关系,认为大雾塘矿床的形成是大湖塘钨矿田的第二期次(140 Ma)大规模成矿作用的产物,2期成矿作用可能是大湖塘钨矿田巨量成矿元素堆积的重要原因之一。     

Quantifying the spatio-temporal patterns of settlement growth in a metropolitan region of Ghana

Retrospective understanding of the magnitude and pace of urban expansion is necessary for effective growth management in metropolitan regions. The objective of this paper is to quantify the spatial–temporal patterns of urban expansion in the Greater Kumasi Sub-Region (GKSR)—a functional region comprising eight administrative districts in Ghana, West Africa. The analysis is based on Landsat remote sensing images from 1986, 2001 and 2014 which were classified using supervised maximum likelihood algorithm in ERDAS IMAGINE. We computed three complementary growth indexes namely; Average Annual Urban Expansion Rate, Urban Expansion Intensity Index (UEII) and Urban Expansion Differentiation Index to estimate the amount and intensity of expansion over the 28-year period. Overall, urban expansion in the GKSR has been occurring at an average annual rate of 5.6 %. Consequently, the sub-region’s built-up land increased by 313 km² from 88 km² in 1986 to 400 km² in 2014. The analysis further show that about 72 % of the total built-up land increase occurred in the last 13 years alone, with UEII value of 0.605 indicating a moderate intensity of urban expansion. Moreover, the metropolitan-core of the sub-region, being the focal point of urban development and the historical origins of expansion, accounted for more than half of the total built-up land increase over the 28-year period. Over the last decade and half however, urban expansion has spilled into the neighbouring peripheral districts, with the highest intensity and fastest rate of expansion occurring in districts located north and north east of the sub-regional core. We recommend a comprehensive regional growth management strategy grounded in effective strategic partnerships among the respective administrative districts to curb unsustainable urban expansion.     

塔里木盆地奥陶系古潜山碳酸盐岩岩溶储层评价与预测——以轮古7井区以东为例

塔里木盆地奥陶系古潜山碳酸盐岩岩溶储层具有埋藏深、非均质性强的特点。岩溶储集空间主要为后期溶蚀孔、溶洞和溶缝为主。通过古地貌恢复及岩溶垂向分带研究,结合油藏开采动态,对轮古7井区以东地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层评价与预测。研究认为:高产高效井主要位于岩溶缓坡地的峰丘洼地、丘峰洼地及岩溶峰丛谷地的溶丘、溶峰及其边坡部位。垂向上表层岩溶带和垂向渗滤带的上部,开发效果较好,多发育裂缝-孔洞型、洞穴型储层;径流溶蚀带、潜流溶蚀带岩溶发育相对较弱,局部发育小规模溶洞或岩溶管道,岩溶储层以裂缝型或孔洞型为主。在此基础上预测出五个高产高效油气储层岩溶区,为油气勘探与开发提供依据。      

Seismic fragility of reinforced concrete girder bridges using Bayesian belief network

Infrastructure owners and operators, or governmental agencies, need rapid screening tools to prioritize detailed risk assessment and retrofit resources allocation. This paper provides one such tool, for use by highway administrations, based on Bayesian belief network (BBN) and aimed at replacing so‐called generic or typological seismic fragility functions for reinforced concrete girder bridges. Resources for detailed assessments should be allocated to bridges with highest consequence of damage, for which site hazard, bridge fragility, and traffic data are needed. The proposed BBN based model is used to quantify seismic fragility of bridges based on data that can be obtained by visual inspection and engineering drawings. Results show that the predicted fragilities are of sufficient accuracy for establishing relative ranking and prioritizing. While the actual data and seismic hazard employed to train the network (establishing conditional probability tables) refer to the Italian bridge stock, the network structure and engineering judgment can easily be adopted for bridges in different geographical locations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Substrate inhibition kinetics of phenol degradation by Pseudomonas fluorescence from steady state and wash-out data

The present study investigated the phenol utilization kinetics of a pure culture of an indigenous Pseudomonas fluorescence under steady state and non-steady state (washout) conditions. Steady states of a continuous culture with an inhibitory substrate was used to estimate kinetic parameters under substrate limitation (chemo stat operation) Pure cultures of an indigenous Pseudomonas fluorescence were grown in continuous culture on phenol as the sole source of carbon and energy at dilution rates of 0.010 - 0.20/h. Using different dilution rates, several steady states were investigated and the specific phenol consumption rates were calculated. In addition, phenol degradation was investigated by increasing the dilution rate above the critical dilution rate (washout cultivation). The results showed that the specific phenol consumption rate increased with increased dilution rate at steady state and phenol degradation by Pseudomonas fluorescence can be described by simple substrate inhibition kinetics under substrate limitation but cannot be described by simple substrate inhibition kinetics under washout cultivation. Fitting of the steady state data from continuous cultivation to various inhibition models resulted in the best fit for Haldane, Yano and Koga (2), Aiba and Teissier kinetic inhibition models. The r_smax value of 0.229 mg/mg/h obtained from the inhibition model equations was comparable to the experimentally calculated r_smax value of 0.246 mg/mg/h obtained under washout cultivation. Therefore, the biokinetic constants evaluated using these models showed good tolerance and growth of the indigenous organism.