2017年武隆5.0级地震序列剪切波分裂研究

利用流动台及原有固定台记录的数字波形资料,采用SAM分析方法对武隆5.0级地震序列进行剪切波分裂特征研究,得到震区5个台站共94对剪切波分裂参数。研究结果表明,武隆震区快剪切波偏振方向总体呈NW向,受区域主压应力场的控制作用较为明显,而第一优势偏振方向由NW向转为NNW向可能是受该区域多条NE向断裂及复杂构造的综合影响;震中东、西两侧台站的快波偏振优势方向呈现一定的空间分布变化;快波偏振方向在震后早期较为离散,后期呈现逐步收敛的趋势,显示震后应力场逐步趋于稳定;在较强余震发生前,时间延迟具有上升趋势,其中部分较强余震前的短时间内还观测到时间延迟减小的现象,这可能反映震前应力场增强和临震应力释放;慢波时间延迟与震源深度的关系不明显。     

A neighbor decay cellular automata approach for simulating urban expansion based on particle swarm intelligence

Simulation and quantitative analysis of urban land use change are effective ways to investigate urban form evolution. Cellular Automata (CA) has been used as a convenient and useful tool for simulating urban land use change. However, the key issue for CA models is the definition of the transition rules, and a number of statistical or artificial intelligence methods may be used to obtain the optimal rules. Neighborhood configuration is a basic component of transition rules, and is characterized by a distance decay effect. However, many CA models do not consider the neighbor decay effect in cellular space. This paper presents a neighbor decay cellular automata model based on particle swarm optimization (PSO-NDCA). We used particle swarm optimization (PSO) to find transition rules and considered the decay effect of the cellular neighborhood. A negative power exponential function was used to compute the decay coefficient of the cellular neighborhood in the model. By calculating the cumulative differences between simulation results and the sample data, the PSO automatically searched for the optimal combination of parameters of the transition rules. Using Xiamen City as a case study, we simulated urban land use changes for the periods 1992–1997 and 2002–2007. Results showed that the PSO-NDCA model had a higher prediction accuracy for built-up land, and a higher overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient than the urban CA model based on particle swarm optimization. The study demonstrates that there exist optimal neighborhood decay coefficients in accordance with the regional characteristics of an area. Urban CA modelling should take into account the role of neighborhood decay.     

Vertical Air Mass Exchange Driven by the Local Circulation on the Northern Slope of Mount Everest

To better understand vertical air mass exchange driven by local circulation in the Himalayas, the volume flux of air mass is estimated in the Rongbuk Valley on the northern slope of Mount Everest, based on a volume closure method and wind-profiler measurements during the HEST2006 campaign in June 2006. Vertical air mass exchange was found to be dominated by a strong downward mass transfer from the late morning to late night. The average vertical air volume flux was 0.09 m s-1, which could be equivalent to a daily ventilation of 30 times the enclosed valley volume. This vertical air mass exchange process was greatly affected by the evolution of the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM), with a strong downward transfer during the SASM break stage, and a weak transfer during the SASM active stage.     

Atmospheric Moisture Distribution and Transport over the Tibetan Plateau and the Impacts of the South Asian Summer Monsoon

In this study, by using the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis data from 1979 to 2010, the spatial distribution and transport of total atmospheric moisture over the Tibetan Plateau（TP） are analyzed, together with the associated impacts of the South Asian summer monsoon（SASM）. Acting as a moisture sink in summer, the TP has a net moisture flux of 2.59× 107kg s 1during 1979–2010, with moisture supplies mainly from the southern boundary along the latitude belts over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. The total atmospheric moisture over the TP exhibits significant diferences in both spatial distribution and transport between the monsoon active and break periods and between strong and weak monsoon years. Large positive（negative） moisture anomalies occur over the southwest edge of the TP and the Arabian Sea, mainly due to transport of easterly（westerly） anomalies during the monsoon active（break） period. For the whole TP region, the total moisture supply is more strengthened than the climatological mean during the monsoon active period, which is mainly contributed by the transport of moisture from the south edge of the TP. During the monsoon break period, however, the total moisture supply to the TP is slightly weakened. In addition, the TP moisture sink is also strengthened（weakened） in the strong（weak） monsoon years, mainly attributed by the moisture transport in the west-east directions. Our results suggest that the SASM has exerted great impacts on the total atmospheric moisture and its transport over the TP through adjusting the moisture spatial distribution.     

Seismic analysis of the Xiluodu reservoir area and insights into the geometry of seismogenic faults

The Xiluodu (XLD) reservoir is the second largest reservoir in China and the largest in the Jinsha River basin. The occurrence of two M > 5 earthquakes after reservoir impoundment has aroused great interest among seismologists and plant operators. We comprehensively analyzed the seismicity of the XLD reservoir area using precise earthquake relocation results and focal mechanism solutions and found that the seismicity of this area was weak before impoundment. Following impoundment, earthquake activity increased significantly. The occurrence of M ≥ 3.5 earthquakes within five years of impoundment also appear to be closely related to rapid rises and falls in water level, though this correlation weakened after five years because earthquake activity was far from the reservoir area. Earthquakes in the XLD reservoir area are clustered; near the dam (Area A), small faults are intermittently distributed along the river, while Area B is composed of multiple NW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults and a thrust fault and Area C is composed of a NW-trending left-lateral strike-slip main fault and a nearly EW-trending right-lateral strike-slip minor fault. The geometries of the deep and the shallow parts of the NW-trending fault differ. Under the action of the NW-trending background stress field, a series of NW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults and NE-trending thrust faults in critical stress states were dislocated due to the stress caused by reservoir impoundment. The two largest earthquakes in the XLD reservoir area were tectonic earthquakes that were directly triggered by impoundment.     

利用背景噪声数据提取地震台站间面波的可靠性分析——以中国大陆中东部地区的宽频带台站为例

利用中国大陆中东部地区以国家台网为主的100个分布均匀的宽频带地震台记录到的21个月的连续波形数据,经过单台数据处理和互相关叠加计算后,由时频分析法提取了研究区各台站对间瑞雷波的格林函数.为了检验经验格林函数的可靠性和稳定性,对沿部分路径的经验格林函数和频散曲线进行了质量评估.检测结果表明,自21个月叠加的台站对间背景噪声中提取的经验格林函数与实际的地震面波一致,提取的格林函数可靠.此外,统计了使用从3 21个月不同长度数据叠加后,经验格林函数信噪比大于10的频散曲线数目.结果表明,至少要使用12个月的数据才能提取到信噪比足够大,数目足够多,可用于反演面波速度结构的经验格林函数;12个月的叠加时长,可以保证30 s以下周期的频散曲线在时间上稳定.     

侵蚀浪条件下沉水植被对沙坝-潟湖海岸的冲淤影响研究

全球海岸生态系统正遭受气候变化及人类活动带来的威胁, 本文基于沙坝-潟湖系统海岸典型剖面形态, 通过设计实施动床波浪水槽试验, 定量研究了侵蚀浪条件下沉水植被对该系统海岸冲淤的影响。结果表明: 沉水植被明显削弱了沙坝前坡波浪破碎区前缘的波高增大幅度, 并使坝后波高衰减; 植被作用使波浪反射和透射系数减小、耗散系数增大; 侵蚀浪作用下, 沙坝坝顶冲刷较明显, 潟湖内呈淤积趋势, 海岸前丘受波浪冲刷呈陡坎形态。植被影响下沙坝和前丘区域最大侵蚀厚度均减小; 植被可减少沙坝净侵蚀量、潟湖内淤积量及离岸输沙量, 对海岸前丘有较好的保护作用。     

The existence of transversal homoclinic orbits in a planar circular restricted four-body problem

In this paper, we study the existence of transversal homoclinic orbits in a planar circular restricted four-body problem, based on the perturbation theory of integrable Hamiltonian systems. We start from a planar circular restricted four-body model and regard it as a perturbation of the two-body model. Then, in order to conveniently study unbounded orbits, we transform the infinite points to finite points by a non-canonical transformation, arriving at a non-Hamiltonian system with degenerate fixed points. According to the extended Melnikov method, we finally prove that there exist transversal homoclinic orbits in this four-body model.     

用余震确定2008年汶川M_w7.9地震的震源位置与发震时刻

利用同一地点的2个地震在相同台站记录的P波到时差是一个常数这一原理,找到了与汶川主震位置相近的余震,并利用台站距震中近,且记录波形清晰、完整的优势,对余震进行了定位,依此确定了汶川主震的位置和发震时刻.结果是震中位于31°1.26′N、103°22.50′E;震源深度7.9km;发震时刻(北京时间)为2008年5月12日14时27分58.80秒.