Analytical study on the ultimate embedment depth of drag anchors

The ultimate embedment depth (UED) is a very important index in evaluating the performance of drag anchors, and hence is of necessity to evaluate the UED precisely in design and analysis. On the other hand, the UED is also a key parameter in predicting the kinematic trajectory of drag anchors in soils by numerical or analytical methods. In this paper, analytical derivations are developed to express the UED not only in clay but also in sand. By analyzing and describing equilibrium forces acting on the anchor and embedded drag line, and the interaction between them at the UED, concise expressions are formulated for predicting the UED in terms of characteristics of the anchor, drag line and soil. Considering that the exact values of the various parameters are seldom known, a parametric analysis is performed systematically. In order to check the applicability and precision, expressions of the UED in clay are compared comprehensively with the other prediction methods. Specially designed tests are also carried out in a model experimental system, and the measured data are used to examine the expression of UED in sand.     

我国的海洋生物多样性及其保护

本文综述了我国海洋生态系统多样性、海洋物种多样性及其利用以及海洋生物遗传多样性的现状，指出过度捕捞、生境丧失、环境污染、生态入侵是威胁我国海洋生物多样性的主要原因。文本还阐述了我国在海洋生物多样性保护、海洋生态环境监测、海洋自然保护区建设及管理上所取得的成就，以及在海洋生物多样性可持续利用方面所取得的进展。     

Geothermal Field and Tectono-Thermal Evolution since the Late Paleozoic of the Qaidam Basin, Western China

<正>The Qaidam basin is the largest intermountain basin inside Tibet,and is one of the three major petroliferous basins in western China.This study discussed the geothermal field and tectono-thermal evolution of the basin,in an effort to provide evidence for intracontinental or intraplate continental dynamics and basin dynamics,petroleum resources assessment,and to serve petroleum production.     

莎车盆地蒸发岩及盐矿物特征初探

莎车盆地喀什皮拉里剖面岩矿扫描电镜及能谱仪分析表明,大量石膏岩中含有石盐、钙芒硝、杂卤石、天青石、白云石及钾镁硫酸盐组合,说明盆地已达到钾镁盐化学沉积阶段,是成钾找钾重要线索,值得研究关注.     

湖北江陵凹陷深层高温富钾卤水特征及其成因探讨

江汉盆地江陵凹陷深处赋存高温富钾卤水,含卤地层主要是古新统沙市组。富钾卤水的分布受持续的继承性沉降中心(洼陷)、沙市组含盐系、石盐-硫酸盐沉积相的控制,聚集在砂岩、玄武岩、辉绿岩和白云岩等孔隙-裂隙内,裂隙的发育又与局部构造(背斜、盐构造等)枢纽部共轭裂隙带有关。古新世,盐湖已经蒸发浓缩到钙芒硝-石盐阶段,可能短暂达到硫酸镁盐和硫酸钾镁盐阶段。以后,原生的晶间卤水在成岩后期受到玄武岩侵入和高温流体影响,发生变质作用、去镁和去硫酸根作用,同时带入丰富的钾、铷、铯等元素,最后形成了高温富钾卤水。这种成矿过程可称为地下热事件激发成矿机制,值得进一步探讨。     

The Late Cretaceous source-to-sink system at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Insights from the provenance of the Lanping Basin

The surface uplift of the Tibetan Plateau(TP) and its geomorphology evolution has triggered aridification of Asia's interior and drainage development at the eastern margin of the plateau.However, how the pre-Cenozoic early growth histories of the TP impact the drainage system and climate is poorly constrained.The Late Mesozoic Lacustrine evaporite-bearing basins on the eastern margin of the TP record significant information on the uplift of the source terranes, source-to-sink system development and climate change.In this study, we presented detrital zircon U–Pb ages from the Upper Cretaceous Yunlong Formation in the Lanping Basin, as well as Hf isotopic, petrographic, direct statistical, and multidimensional scaling analyses, and use them to characterize the provenance and reconstruct the drainage system.All of the samples have five major age peaks at 200–290 Ma, 400–490 Ma,750–1000 Ma, 1750–1950 Ma, and 2400–2600 Ma with mostly negative ε_(Hf)(t) values(81%).We infer the sediments are primarily derived from recycled sediments of the Songpan-Garze terrane, and partly from the Sichuan Basin and the Southern Qiangtang terrane, as well as the exposed magmatic rocks of the Yidun Arc and SongpanGarze terrane.The provenance features of the contemporaneous sediments from the Sichuan, Xichang, Chuxiong,and Simao basins indicate a complex hierarchical drainage pattern on the eastern margin of the TP during the Late Cretaceous.The hierarchical drainage system exhibits a complete gradational cycle of lake-basin types from overfilled freshwater Sichuan Basin through balanced fill saline Xichang Basin and underfilled hypersaline Chuxiong, Lanping, Simao, and Khorat Plateau basins from proximal to distal.The early growth of the TP primarily controlled the drainage and lake-basin evolution by not only causing the uplift and exhumation of the source areas and providing large amounts of clastic material to the proximal sub-drainage areas but also intensifying the aridity and deposition of evaporites.     

Fluid Inclusions in Surface‐temperature Halite: Sample Preparation and Application

Paleo-temperature and paleo-environment can be interpreted from measuring homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions within halite. In order to conduct such measurements, vapor bubbles within low-temperature fluid inclusion often need to be created through cooling process by using cooling stage or freezer. Proper cooling is critical for interpreting measured temperature data. We tested two common cooling methods, using heating/freezing stage and freezer, for studying fluid inclusions in halite precipitated in laboratory at conrtolled temperature of 25℃. While using the heating/freezing stage, halite samples were kept at-18℃ for 40–50 min; whereas for freezer, samples were stored at-18℃ for 1, 10, 20 and 40 days, respectively. By comparing the homogenization temperatures of the two cooling processes, we explored the detailed experimental processes and developed an optimal cooling nucleation procedure for homogenization temperature analyses of fluid inclusions within surface-temperature halite. The results show that the maximum homogenization temperatures from both methods approximate the actual brine temperature of 25℃. However, extended refrigeration time has noticeable influence on the results. The refrigeration time of the experiment can be shortened to meet requirements.     

基于海相石盐流体包裹体的古海水演化热力学模拟

传统观点认为地质时期海水成分一成不变,然而包裹体测试技术的迅速发展,揭示出显生宙以来海水成分至少发生过两次大的旋回变化。本文基于世界多个海相沉积盆地的原生石盐包裹体实测数据,探讨了显生宙以来古海水地球化学、水化学类型、蒸发岩矿物组合特征的显著变化,并结合EQL/EVP卤水蒸发平衡模型,定量模拟了两种典型海水的蒸发演化过程、析盐规律和矿物组合特征,分析和探讨了中国海相沉积盆地的成钾前景。应用Spencer相图,揭示出在过去的600 Ma期间,古海水成分点在Cl-SO4和Ca-Cl两个相区内随时间发生周期性的震荡变化,志留纪、泥盆纪、侏罗纪和白垩纪的海水类型与现代海水迥然不同,为典型的Ca-Cl型水。Mg-2KSO4/Mg-Ca-2KJnecke相图分析结果显示,这些时期的石盐包裹体成分,位于富CaCl2、贫MgSO4的Mg-Ca-2K相图中光卤石、钾石盐稳定相区,指示原始海水相对于现代海水具有富Ca、贫Mg的特征,其析出的典型矿物组合主要有石盐、钾石盐、光卤石和溢晶石等。而新元古代、二叠纪和第三纪大部分石盐包裹体成分,都落到了Mg-2KSO4相图上的钾盐镁矾和钾石盐相区,和现代海水成分较为类似,具有富Mg2+、SO2-4的特征,其析出的典型矿物组合包括石盐、钾盐镁矾、硫镁矾、钾石盐和光卤石等。EQL/EVP定量模拟结果显示,富SO4-Mg型的海水和富CaCl型的古海水,蒸发演化路径和矿物析出序列截然不同,Ca-Cl型的海水更易形成优质钾盐矿床,有利的成钾时段为寒武纪-早石炭世、侏罗世-新生代早中期。     

江陵凹陷始新世早期古气温：来自无水芒硝流体包裹体的证据

江陵凹陷古新统沙市组和始新统新沟嘴组下段沉积为一套巨厚含盐岩系。对始新世早期新沟嘴组下段沉积的无水芒硝中的原生单一液相流体包裹体采用冷冻法进行均一温度测定。原生流体包裹体是在矿物沉积的过程中被捕获的,矿物生长过程中所圈闭的流体(即古盐湖卤水)保存了当时地质环境的各种地质地球信息,可以为研究古温度、古水体成分、古大气成分以及生物的演化等方面提供可靠的定量数据。测温结果显示,其均一温度范围是17.6~38.5℃,均值为27.2℃。这可能说明,江陵凹陷早始新世新沟嘴组下段的古气温在27.2℃左右,极端情况下,当时的古气温可达38.5℃。通过与前人的研究比对发现江陵凹陷自沙市组上段到新沟嘴组下段有明显降温趋势。由于古新世—始新世的升温事件(PETM)使全球气温普遍升高,可以看出江陵凹陷自新沟嘴底部虽已进入PETM事件后的降温期但气候依然以炎热干旱为主要特征。     

湖北潜江凹陷古近系深层富钾卤水矿床特征及成因

潜江凹陷富钾卤水矿床是我国古近纪重要的卤水矿床之一,本文在详细的野外地质调查基础上,结合二维、三维地震解译,测井解译,室内化学分析,研究了该矿床储层特征、卤水赋存规律和地球化学特征,探讨了其矿床成因。富钾卤水主要赋存于古近系渐新统潜江组,含矿面积达1630km2,水化学类型主要为硫酸钠亚型,次为氯化钙型、硫酸镁亚型和碳酸盐型。卤水总矿化度平均值为280.94g/L,酸碱度在5~9之间。卤水储集体为砂岩,卤水矿床的分布主要受砂体展布的控制,各卤水组底板埋深表现出"一洼两斜坡"的展布特征,矿体厚度自北而南累积厚度减薄,东西方向以向斜为中心,累积厚度向东或向西逐渐增加。在平面上与沉积时期古地貌密切联系,在蚌湖、王场和周矶向斜沉降中心卤水矿化度最大,氯化钾、B2O3、LiCl、Br等微量元素含量相对较高,达到综合利用或工业品位。