东昆仑南缘布青山地区马尔争组物源分析及其构造背景研究

内容提要：布青山地区马尔争组复理石岩系位于东昆仑南缘,其主体是一套沉积于深海—半深海环境的浊积岩,本文研究了复理石岩系中砂岩的沉积岩石学、碎屑骨架模型及岩石地球化学特征。碎屑组分统计结果表明其砂岩类型主要为长石岩屑砂岩,石英、岩屑、长石的平均含量分别为42%、37%、21%,物源类型为切割型岛弧及再旋回造山带。马尔争组砂岩w（SiO2）含量介于50.18%～74.05%,平均值为66.69%,CIA=43～69;∑REE为59.99×10～6～171.07×10～6,∑LREE/∑HREE=6.6～8.8;LaN/YbN=6.6～10.7,LaN/SmN=3.2～4.6,δEu=0.59～1.04。砂岩地球化学特征指示马尔争组复理石岩系形成于沟弧盆系活动大陆边缘构造环境,砂岩属大陆岛弧型,物源区为北侧东昆仑地块火山～深成岩浆岛弧造山带及变质基底,源岩为长英质火山岩、同源深成侵入岩及基底变质岩,沉积盆地为俯冲杂岩外侧的古海沟环境。它间接地记录了阿尼玛卿—布青山古特提斯洋的持续扩张—向北俯冲消减—洋盆闭合的过程。     

日本MW 9.0级地震对中国华北东北大陆主要活动断裂带的影响及地震危险性初步探讨

根据美国地质调查局USGS发布的有限断层模型,利用线弹性有限元数值模拟方法,反演了2011年3月11日日本MW 9.0级地震在中国华北东北大陆近地表产生的同震水平位移场及同震应力场;在此基础上,计算了日本大地震引起我国华北东北大陆内主要活动构造带的静态库仑破裂应力变化,进而探讨其对华北东北地区地震活动的触发效应。结果表明：(1)日本大地震在华北产生向东的水平位移,由东往西逐渐减小,最大水平位移分布在山东半岛及江苏北部等地,约12 mm;在东北产生SESEE向的水平位移,最大水平位移分布在吉林东北部,约为30 mm;模拟水平位移与GPS观测结果基本相符。(2)日本大地震在我国华北东北大陆近地表产生的同震应力变化主要是水平的,铅直方向应力变化量为0～0.085 kPa,近似为0。两个同震水平主应力中,同震最大水平主应力既有压应力也有张应力,量值为0～0.75 kPa,从东北到华北,其方向逐渐由NE→NNE→近SN转为NNW向;同震最小水平主应力为张应力,量值为0～3.20 kPa,从东北到华北,其方向逐渐从NW→NWW→近EW转为NEE向;总体上,此次日本地震的同震应力效应虽会对华北东北大陆现今构造应力场产生一定的影响,但影响程度很弱,并不会改变区域现代构造应力场分布格局。(3)华北东北大陆内主要活动构造带上的库仑破裂应力变化大部分为正值,但其值均不超过1 kPa;其中,郯庐断裂带中、东北段和密山-敦化断裂带中、东北段库仑破裂应力增加值最大,约为0.5～0.8 kPa;日本大地震对中国华北东北地区地震活动起加速触发作用,但程度有限,即便如此,继续并深入研究其引起中国华北东北大陆主要活动构造带库仑破裂应力变化及地震活动危险性分析,对区域防震减灾工作仍有重要的意义。     

Biomarker and compound-specific δ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C evidence for changing environmental conditions and carbon limitation at Lake Koucha,eastern Tibetan Plateau

A sediment core from Lake Koucha (eastern Tibetan Plateau) was investigated using organic biomarkers and their stable carbon isotope signatures. The correlation between TOC content, total amount of aquatic macrophyte-derived n-alkanes (e.g. nC₂₃) and δ¹³C values of TOC and nC₂₃ indicates that Lake Koucha was macrophyte-dominated before 8 cal ka BP. Shortly after the lake turned from a saline to a freshwater system at 7.2 cal ka BP, a variety of algal and bacterial markers such as hopanoids and isoprenoids emerged, of which phytane, pentamethylicosene (PMI), moretene and diploptene are particularly abundant. Phytane and PMI show different isotopic signals (≈−18 and ≈−28‰, respectively), which indicates that they originated from different sources. Phytane may have been derived from cyanobacteria, while methanogenic archaea may be the source of PMI. The isotopic depletion of diploptene and moretene (≈−60‰) indicates the presence of methanotrophs. After 6.1 cal ka BP, the saturated C₂₀ highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) became the dominant constituent of the aliphatic hydrocarbon fraction. Such dominance has rarely been reported in lacustrine environments, and indicates a strong presence of algae (most likely diatoms) or cyanobacteria. At 4.7 cal ka BP, the appearance of an unsaturated C₂₅ HBI, which is a specific biomarker for diatoms, was noted. Furthermore, the level of nC₁₇-alkane was observed to increase in abundance in the uppermost two samples. These results suggest that the lake was phytoplankton-dominated during the last 6.1 ka. Relatively low biomarker concentrations and δ¹³C values at 6.0, 3.1 and 1.8 cal ka BP indicate the occurrence of cool periods, which is in agreement with inferences from other locations on the Tibetan Plateau. The δ¹³C values of nC₂₃ range from −23.5 to −12.6‰, with high values at the peak of macrophyte abundance at ca. 11 cal ka BP and at the phytoplankton maximum between ca 6.1 and 2.8 cal ka BP. Thus, aquatic macrophyte-derived mid-chain n-alkanes have been found to be excellent indicators of carbon-limiting conditions, which lead to the assimilation of isotopically-enriched carbon species. The limitation of carbon sources could be a localized phenomenon occurring in dense plant stands (as in the older section of the core), or it may be induced by high primary productivity (as in the younger section). Since the δ¹³C value of the inorganic carbon source may vary, the offset between the δ¹³C values of nC₂₃ and TIC could serve as a more precise proxy for carbon-limiting conditions in lacustrine environments, which could in turn be interpreted with respect to lacustrine paleo-productivity.     

东昆仑造山带波洛斯太地区晚三叠世中酸性火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及地质意义

东昆仑造山带东段波洛斯太地区出露一套晚三叠世中酸性火山岩,对研究古特提斯洋关闭及碰撞造山过程具有重要意义.通过对该火山岩进行详细的锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和Hf同位素研究来确定其形成时代、岩石成因和构造环境.研究结果表明,英安岩加权平均年龄为233.4±1.3 Ma和234.7±1.5 Ma,形成时代为晚三叠世.火...     

整体最小二乘和最小二乘拟合空间直线的比较

给出整体最小二乘法拟合空间直线的一种迭代算法。将空间直线垂直投影到坐标平面,分别采用整体最小二乘法和最小二乘法拟合直线。对坐标点等精度观测、非等精度观测和坐标分量非等精度观测3种场景进行模拟计算,比较两种方法估计的参数和验后单位权方差,并对三维激光扫描仪实测数据拟合结果进行分析。     

甘青藏地区现代土壤中有机质类异戊二烯烃来源及地质意义

本文通过对海拔高度在2500~4500 m的甘肃南部和祁连山、青海东部、西藏东部林中表土、林间表土、森林上限表土、森林下限表土、森林上限高山草甸土,以及青海玉树冬给错纳地区亚高山荒漠—草甸土中可溶有机质正构烷烃分析,利用检测出的类异戊二烯烃的分布特征,对Pr(姥鲛烷)、Ph(植烷)的成因特征进行研究。结果表明,在不同地理环境土壤中均有明显的Pr、Ph存在,Pr/Ph(姥植比)主要为0.6~1.4,平均0.95;Pr/n-C17值主要为0.2-1.2,平均0.64;Ph/n-C18值主要为0.4~1.4,平均0.85。Pr和Ph不仅在水体中生成,在土壤环境中也可以形成。Pr/Ph值与不同生态环境土壤之间没有明确的相关性,但与不同地理区域有一定的联系。在较为温湿的土壤中Pr优势,可能与微生物活动强烈,采用有氧呼吸方式降解有机质有关;干旱、寒冷土壤中Ph优势,可能主要与厌氧发酵有关。由于生成Pr、Ph有机母质及演化途径的差异,以及热演化、成岩过程中的转变,其比值很大程度上影响对沉积盆地原始介质环境信息的判断。     

山东青岛地区首次发现恐龙化石

在山东青岛地区发现了鸟脚类恐龙化石。根据尾椎椎体、肱骨、肠骨和股骨形态特征判断,它属于小型鸟脚类恐龙。虽然目前发现的材料较少,种属归属存在一定困难,但它对于研究鸟脚类恐龙的分布、演化及地层划分都具有重要意义。这些化石为将来在该地区进一步发现更多的恐龙骨骼化石提供了线索和依据。     

Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry for quick detection of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in environmental water samples

Detection of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria has largely been dependent on targeted gene sequencing technology or traditional cell cultivation, which usually takes from days to months to carry out. This clearly does not meet the requirements of analysis for time-sensitive samples and/or complicated environmental samples. Since energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) can be used to simultaneously detect multiple elements in a sample, including sulfur, with minimal sample treatment, this technology was applied to detect sulfur-oxidizing bacteria using their high sulfur content within the cell. This article describes the application of scanning electron microscopy imaging coupled with EDS mapping for quick detection of sulfur oxidizers in contaminated environmental water samples, with minimal sample handling. Scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed the existence of dense granules within the bacterial cells, while EDS identified large amounts of sulfur within them. EDS mapping localized the sulfur to these granules. Subsequent 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the bacteria detected in our samples belonged to the genus Chromatium, which are sulfur oxidizers. Thus, EDS mapping made it possible to identify sulfur oxidizers in environmental samples based on localized sulfur within their cells, within a short time (within 24 h of sampling). This technique has wide ranging applications for detection of sulfur bacteria in environmental water samples.     

走滑断裂活动导致地应力解耦的机理研究——以龙门山断裂带东北段为例

2008年汶川MS8.0地震后,沿龙门山断裂带系列水压致裂地应力测量结果表明,断裂带东北段(茂县-绵竹连线东北侧)北川、平武及广元等地浅表层最大主应力方向与区域应力场相比发生了25°~69°不等的偏转,亦称地应力解耦。初步分析认为,龙门山断裂带东北段的右旋走滑活动直接导致了区域内最大主应力方向的解耦,且最大主应力方位向偏转角度与断裂右旋走滑活动量正相关。为合理解释这一现象,探讨走滑断裂活动导致地应力解耦的机理,本文采用二维有限元数值模拟方法,选取汶川MS8.0地震断裂(龙门山中央断裂)上的同震右旋走滑位移作为边界条件,首先模拟了龙门山断裂带东北段右旋走滑活动产生的扰动应力特征,之后结合断裂带附近典型钻孔地应力测量结果,叠加该扰动应力作用,从力学机理上深入剖析断裂右旋走滑活动产生的扰动应力对区域应力场(或初始应力场)的影响,并对其附近不同构造部位最大主应力方向偏转现象进行定量解释。初步结果表明：1) 走滑断裂活动导致地应力解耦主要是通过断裂滑动产生的扰动应力对区域应力场的附加影响实现的;2) 在固定的断裂活动长度和摩擦强度情况下,走滑断裂活动导致区域最大主应力方向偏转角度基本与活动断裂走滑位移量呈正比;3) 受汶川MS8.0地震影响,龙门山断裂带大致以茂县-绵竹为界,西南侧的宝兴-映秀-汶川一带最大主应力方向偏转角度很小,基本与区域应力场一致,而东北侧的北川-平武-广元一带则发生角度不等的偏转,3个地区最大主应力方向平均偏转角度分别为65°、56°和29°,该角度与龙门山断裂带东北段同震右旋走滑位移量呈正相关。     

鄂尔多斯地块南缘地应力测量研究

利用水压致裂法得到的地应力测试数据对鄂尔多斯地块南缘地壳浅部地应力分布规律及断层活动性进行研究。结果表明:（1）两个水平主应力随深度线性增长,应力梯度分别为0.032和0.021,在测量深度域内水平和垂直应力的关系为S_H > S_h > S_V,该应力状态有利于断层发生逆断层活动,与1556年华山大地震的发震正断层的性质不同;（2）研究区的最大水平主应力方向为北南-北北西向,与区域速度矢量场方向一致,与其他资料解译的区域构造应力方向有一些差异,主要是受鄂尔多斯地块周缘断层活动的影响;（3）利用Mohr-Coulomb准则及Byerlee定律,摩擦系数取0.6~1.0,对研究区的地应力状态进行分析,发现鄂尔多斯地块南缘的测点未达到或超过地壳破裂极限状态,不存在断层失稳或地震等其他形式的地壳活动,处于较稳定地壳应力状态;（4）实测数据为该区补充了新的地应力测量资料,研究结果为该区工程设计及建设、构造应力场数值模拟提供了边界条件,对于该区地质灾害评价、地壳稳定性以及大陆动力学的研究具有重要意义。