东昆仑东段中元古代小庙岩组岩石组合、地球化学特征及构造环境分析

小庙岩组是东昆仑造山带前寒武纪变质结晶基底的重要组成部分,是一套中元古代角闪岩相变质地层。详细的野外地质和室内观察表明,小庙岩组主要为一套长英质变质岩夹基性变质岩,长英质变质岩可分为4种岩石组合:石英岩组合、富铝片麻岩组合、长英质片麻岩组合、石英岩—长石石英岩组合。岩石学和地球化学研究表明:含富铝矿物石英片岩和片麻岩的原岩为一套泥质岩,石英岩—长石石英岩原岩为砂岩、杂砂岩或硅质岩,角闪岩和斜长角闪岩原岩为拉斑玄武岩;变沉积岩物源区经历中—低风化程度,处于寒冷干旱的气候区,可能为构造活动区;物源区主要为长英质岩石并且母岩中碱性长石含量较少,或混合有基性火山岩;变沉积岩形于陆壳拉张的裂陷槽或裂谷盆地,变基性岩形成于初始裂解或稍晚期的大陆裂谷环境,二者均指示小庙岩组形成于陆内裂谷环境。     

宁夏水汽输送气候特征

利用NCEP／NCAR和欧洲中心提供的逐日、逐月再分析资料（包括风场、湿度场资料,分别为17层等压面和23层等压面）和地面气压场资料,计算了宁夏区域的水汽汇和水汽通量。结果表明：宁夏区域水汽汇空间分布在春季为南北正东西负型,夏季为中间正、东西侧负型,秋季为南正北负型,冬季为东正西负型。夏季整个区域的水汽汇为正值。各季的多年时间变化具有相似的特点,为线性减少趋势,3次曲线拟合为先增后减再增的趋势。宁夏地区的水汽来自3个方向：西向、西南向和东南向,其中西南向的值较大,是宁夏的主要水汽通道。多年水汽汇的19a周期通过了0．1信度的红噪声检验,多年水汽汇序列变化较为剧烈,发生了多次突变。     

A late Quaternary lake record from the Qilian Mountains (NW China): evolution of the primary production and the water depth reconstructed from macrofossil, pollen, biomarker, and isotope data

The history (45–0 ka BP) of the aquatic vegetation composition of the shallow alpine Lake Luanhaizi from the NE Tibetan Plateau is inferred from aquatic plant macrofossil frequencies and aquatic pollen and algae concentrations in the sediments. C/N (range: 0.3–100), δ¹³C (range: −28 to −15‰), and n-alkane measurements yielded further information on the quantitative composition of sedimentary organic matter. The inferred primary production of the former lake ecosystem has been examined in respect of the alternative stable state theory of shallow lakes [Scheffer, M., 1989. Alternative stable states in eutrophic, shallow freshwater systems: a minimal model. Hydrobiological Bulletin 23, 73–83]. Switches between clear and turbid water conditions are explained by a colder climate and forest decline in the catchment area of Lake Luanhaizi. The macrofossil-based reconstruction of past water depth and salinity ranges, as well as other organic matter (OM) proxies allowed climatic inferences of the summer monsoon intensity during the late Quaternary. Around 45 ka BP, conditions similar to or even moister than present-day climate occurred. The Lake Luanhaizi record is further evidence against an extensive glaciation of the Tibetan Plateau and its bordering mountain ranges during the Last Glacial Maximum. Highest lake levels and consequently a strong summer monsoon are recorded for the early Holocene period, while gradually decreasing lake levels are reconstructed for the middle and late Holocene.     

东昆仑南缘布青山地区马尔争组物源分析及其构造背景研究

内容提要：布青山地区马尔争组复理石岩系位于东昆仑南缘,其主体是一套沉积于深海—半深海环境的浊积岩,本文研究了复理石岩系中砂岩的沉积岩石学、碎屑骨架模型及岩石地球化学特征。碎屑组分统计结果表明其砂岩类型主要为长石岩屑砂岩,石英、岩屑、长石的平均含量分别为42%、37%、21%,物源类型为切割型岛弧及再旋回造山带。马尔争组砂岩w（SiO2）含量介于50.18%～74.05%,平均值为66.69%,CIA=43～69;∑REE为59.99×10～6～171.07×10～6,∑LREE/∑HREE=6.6～8.8;LaN/YbN=6.6～10.7,LaN/SmN=3.2～4.6,δEu=0.59～1.04。砂岩地球化学特征指示马尔争组复理石岩系形成于沟弧盆系活动大陆边缘构造环境,砂岩属大陆岛弧型,物源区为北侧东昆仑地块火山～深成岩浆岛弧造山带及变质基底,源岩为长英质火山岩、同源深成侵入岩及基底变质岩,沉积盆地为俯冲杂岩外侧的古海沟环境。它间接地记录了阿尼玛卿—布青山古特提斯洋的持续扩张—向北俯冲消减—洋盆闭合的过程。     

日本MW 9.0级地震对中国华北东北大陆主要活动断裂带的影响及地震危险性初步探讨

根据美国地质调查局USGS发布的有限断层模型,利用线弹性有限元数值模拟方法,反演了2011年3月11日日本MW 9.0级地震在中国华北东北大陆近地表产生的同震水平位移场及同震应力场;在此基础上,计算了日本大地震引起我国华北东北大陆内主要活动构造带的静态库仑破裂应力变化,进而探讨其对华北东北地区地震活动的触发效应。结果表明：(1)日本大地震在华北产生向东的水平位移,由东往西逐渐减小,最大水平位移分布在山东半岛及江苏北部等地,约12 mm;在东北产生SESEE向的水平位移,最大水平位移分布在吉林东北部,约为30 mm;模拟水平位移与GPS观测结果基本相符。(2)日本大地震在我国华北东北大陆近地表产生的同震应力变化主要是水平的,铅直方向应力变化量为0～0.085 kPa,近似为0。两个同震水平主应力中,同震最大水平主应力既有压应力也有张应力,量值为0～0.75 kPa,从东北到华北,其方向逐渐由NE→NNE→近SN转为NNW向;同震最小水平主应力为张应力,量值为0～3.20 kPa,从东北到华北,其方向逐渐从NW→NWW→近EW转为NEE向;总体上,此次日本地震的同震应力效应虽会对华北东北大陆现今构造应力场产生一定的影响,但影响程度很弱,并不会改变区域现代构造应力场分布格局。(3)华北东北大陆内主要活动构造带上的库仑破裂应力变化大部分为正值,但其值均不超过1 kPa;其中,郯庐断裂带中、东北段和密山-敦化断裂带中、东北段库仑破裂应力增加值最大,约为0.5～0.8 kPa;日本大地震对中国华北东北地区地震活动起加速触发作用,但程度有限,即便如此,继续并深入研究其引起中国华北东北大陆主要活动构造带库仑破裂应力变化及地震活动危险性分析,对区域防震减灾工作仍有重要的意义。     

Biomarker and compound-specific δ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C evidence for changing environmental conditions and carbon limitation at Lake Koucha,eastern Tibetan Plateau

A sediment core from Lake Koucha (eastern Tibetan Plateau) was investigated using organic biomarkers and their stable carbon isotope signatures. The correlation between TOC content, total amount of aquatic macrophyte-derived n-alkanes (e.g. nC₂₃) and δ¹³C values of TOC and nC₂₃ indicates that Lake Koucha was macrophyte-dominated before 8 cal ka BP. Shortly after the lake turned from a saline to a freshwater system at 7.2 cal ka BP, a variety of algal and bacterial markers such as hopanoids and isoprenoids emerged, of which phytane, pentamethylicosene (PMI), moretene and diploptene are particularly abundant. Phytane and PMI show different isotopic signals (≈−18 and ≈−28‰, respectively), which indicates that they originated from different sources. Phytane may have been derived from cyanobacteria, while methanogenic archaea may be the source of PMI. The isotopic depletion of diploptene and moretene (≈−60‰) indicates the presence of methanotrophs. After 6.1 cal ka BP, the saturated C₂₀ highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) became the dominant constituent of the aliphatic hydrocarbon fraction. Such dominance has rarely been reported in lacustrine environments, and indicates a strong presence of algae (most likely diatoms) or cyanobacteria. At 4.7 cal ka BP, the appearance of an unsaturated C₂₅ HBI, which is a specific biomarker for diatoms, was noted. Furthermore, the level of nC₁₇-alkane was observed to increase in abundance in the uppermost two samples. These results suggest that the lake was phytoplankton-dominated during the last 6.1 ka. Relatively low biomarker concentrations and δ¹³C values at 6.0, 3.1 and 1.8 cal ka BP indicate the occurrence of cool periods, which is in agreement with inferences from other locations on the Tibetan Plateau. The δ¹³C values of nC₂₃ range from −23.5 to −12.6‰, with high values at the peak of macrophyte abundance at ca. 11 cal ka BP and at the phytoplankton maximum between ca 6.1 and 2.8 cal ka BP. Thus, aquatic macrophyte-derived mid-chain n-alkanes have been found to be excellent indicators of carbon-limiting conditions, which lead to the assimilation of isotopically-enriched carbon species. The limitation of carbon sources could be a localized phenomenon occurring in dense plant stands (as in the older section of the core), or it may be induced by high primary productivity (as in the younger section). Since the δ¹³C value of the inorganic carbon source may vary, the offset between the δ¹³C values of nC₂₃ and TIC could serve as a more precise proxy for carbon-limiting conditions in lacustrine environments, which could in turn be interpreted with respect to lacustrine paleo-productivity.     

东昆仑造山带波洛斯太地区晚三叠世中酸性火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及地质意义

东昆仑造山带东段波洛斯太地区出露一套晚三叠世中酸性火山岩,对研究古特提斯洋关闭及碰撞造山过程具有重要意义.通过对该火山岩进行详细的锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和Hf同位素研究来确定其形成时代、岩石成因和构造环境.研究结果表明,英安岩加权平均年龄为233.4±1.3 Ma和234.7±1.5 Ma,形成时代为晚三叠世.火...     

整体最小二乘和最小二乘拟合空间直线的比较

给出整体最小二乘法拟合空间直线的一种迭代算法。将空间直线垂直投影到坐标平面,分别采用整体最小二乘法和最小二乘法拟合直线。对坐标点等精度观测、非等精度观测和坐标分量非等精度观测3种场景进行模拟计算,比较两种方法估计的参数和验后单位权方差,并对三维激光扫描仪实测数据拟合结果进行分析。     

甘青藏地区现代土壤中有机质类异戊二烯烃来源及地质意义

本文通过对海拔高度在2500~4500 m的甘肃南部和祁连山、青海东部、西藏东部林中表土、林间表土、森林上限表土、森林下限表土、森林上限高山草甸土,以及青海玉树冬给错纳地区亚高山荒漠—草甸土中可溶有机质正构烷烃分析,利用检测出的类异戊二烯烃的分布特征,对Pr(姥鲛烷)、Ph(植烷)的成因特征进行研究。结果表明,在不同地理环境土壤中均有明显的Pr、Ph存在,Pr/Ph(姥植比)主要为0.6~1.4,平均0.95;Pr/n-C17值主要为0.2-1.2,平均0.64;Ph/n-C18值主要为0.4~1.4,平均0.85。Pr和Ph不仅在水体中生成,在土壤环境中也可以形成。Pr/Ph值与不同生态环境土壤之间没有明确的相关性,但与不同地理区域有一定的联系。在较为温湿的土壤中Pr优势,可能与微生物活动强烈,采用有氧呼吸方式降解有机质有关;干旱、寒冷土壤中Ph优势,可能主要与厌氧发酵有关。由于生成Pr、Ph有机母质及演化途径的差异,以及热演化、成岩过程中的转变,其比值很大程度上影响对沉积盆地原始介质环境信息的判断。     

山东青岛地区首次发现恐龙化石

在山东青岛地区发现了鸟脚类恐龙化石。根据尾椎椎体、肱骨、肠骨和股骨形态特征判断,它属于小型鸟脚类恐龙。虽然目前发现的材料较少,种属归属存在一定困难,但它对于研究鸟脚类恐龙的分布、演化及地层划分都具有重要意义。这些化石为将来在该地区进一步发现更多的恐龙骨骼化石提供了线索和依据。