原位地应力测量与实时监测在地震预报研究中的作用和意义

当2013年4月20日四川芦山Ms 7.0级大地震发生时,中国科学家已不再像2008年汶川Ms 8.0大地震发生时那样茫然和不知所措。其根本原因在于,2008年汶川大地震发生后,龙门山地区开展了大量的科学研究工作,已超前初步认知龙门山断裂带西南端具有潜在地震危险性,特别是原位地应力测量和实时监测已发现绝对地应力大小高值异常和相对地应力大小临震异常变化。论文简要介绍了地震预报国际主流观点与认识,梳理了地应力在地震预报研究中的作用和认识,探讨了2004 Parkfield earthquake钻孔应变监测结果给予的启示,详细介绍了原位地应力测量与实时监测在地震预报研究中应用的实践与探索。实践证明:地震预报是值得探索和研究的,原位地应力测量与实时监测是地震预报的有效方法之一。      

Weak Summer Monsoon during the Early Holocene Inferred from the Dingxi Lujiagou Floodplain Lake-Eolian Sand Rhythm due to Solar Impacting

正Objective Precipitation was the highest in the loess plateau during the Early Holocene 10–8 ka BP even to the period 10–3.0 ka BP in the Kesang cave stalagmite westward Tianshan, Xinjiang, based on large numbers of records from paleoclimatic proxies(An et al., 2000; Zhang et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2018). However, we discovered at first time that floodplain lake-eolian stratigraphical rhythm complex     

西秦岭临潭地区下白垩统—上新统陆相地层碎屑锆石U Pb年代学及其物源分析

选取西秦岭造山带临潭地区下白垩统磨沟组和新近系上新统临夏组碎屑岩为研究对象,运用LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb同位素年代学方法,探讨磨沟组和临夏组的物质来源。结果显示,碎屑锆石年龄谱可分为6组：①新太古代—古元古代(2627~1676 Ma);②中元古代(1487~1035 Ma);③新元古代(996~812 Ma);④早古生代(534~425 Ma);⑤晚古生代(409~252 Ma);⑥早中生代(250~197 Ma)。其中,新太古代—古元古代(2627~1676 Ma)的年龄数据约占总体的5031%,所占比例最大,其余年龄段所占比例则较少。下白垩统磨沟组和上新统临夏组中蕴含的锆石年龄信息分布特征较为一致,均有新元古代、早古生代、早中生代年龄峰值,以及华北板块特有的18 Ga和25 Ga年龄峰值。下白垩统磨沟组和上新统临夏组具有近源堆积为主的特征,合作- 岷县断裂北侧的中秦岭构造带为其提供了物源,碎屑锆石年龄谱特征记录了物源区地质体中的再旋回年龄信息。本研究对西秦岭中新生代的构造演化研究具有重要意义。     

Quantitative relationship between water-depth and sub-fossil ostracod assemblages in Lake Donggi Cona,Qinghai Province,China

A calibration data set of 51 surface sediment samples from Lake Donggi Cona on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau was investigated to study the relationship between sub-fossil ostracod assemblages and water depth. Samples were collected over a depth range from 0.6 to 80 m. A total of 16 ostracod species was identified from the lake with about half of the species restricted to the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent mountain ranges and poorly known in terms of ecological preferences, and the other half displaying a mainly Holarctic distribution. Living macrophytes and macroalgae were recorded in Lake Donggi Cona down to a depth of about 30 m, and bivalve (Pisidium cf. zugmayeri) and gastropod (Gyraulus, Radix) shells were found down to depths of 43 and 48 m, respectively. The ostracod-water-depth relationship was assessed by multivariate statistical analysis and ostracod-based transfer functions for water depth were constructed. Weighted averaging partial least squares (WA-PLS) regression provided the best model with a coefficient of determination r ² of 0.91 between measured and ostracod-inferred water depth, a root mean square error of prediction of 8% and a maximum bias of 10.6% of the gradient length, as assessed by leave-one-out cross-validation. Our results show the potential of ostracods as palaeo-depth indicators in appropriate settings. However, transfer-function applications using fossil ostracod assemblages for palaeo-depth estimations require a thorough understanding of the palaeolimnological conditions of lakes and therefore detailed multi-proxy analysis to avoid misinterpretation of ostracod-based inferences.     

Using variations in the stable carbon isotope composition of macrophyte remains to quantify nutrient dynamics in lakes

The apparent isotope enrichment factor ε_macrophyte of submerged plants (ε_{macrophyte–DIC} = δ¹³C_macrophyte − δ¹³C_DIC) is indicative of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) supply in neutral to alkaline waters and is related to variations in aquatic productivity (Papadimitriou et al. in Limnol Oceanogr 50:1084–1095, 2005). This paper aims to evaluate the usage of ε_macrophyte inferred from isotopic analyses of submerged plant fossils in addition to analyses of lake carbonate as a palaeolimnological proxy for former HCO₃ ⁻ concentrations. Stable carbon isotopic analysis of modern Potamogeton pectinatus leaves and its host water DIC from the Tibetan Plateau and Central Yakutia (Russia) yielded values between −23.3 and +0.4‰ and between +14.0 and +6.5‰, respectively. Values of ε _{Potamogeton–DIC} (range −15.4 to +1.1‰) from these lakes are significantly correlated with host water HCO₃ ⁻ concentration (range 78–2,200 mg/l) (r = −0.86; P < 0.001), thus allowing for the development of a transfer function. Palaeo-ε _{Potamogeton–ostracods} values from Luanhaizi Lake on the NE Tibetan Plateau, as inferred from the stable carbon isotope measurement of fossil Potamogeton pectinatus seeds (range −24 to +2.8‰) and ostracods (range −7.8 to +7.5%) range between −14.8 and 1.6‰. Phases of assumed disequilibrium between δ¹³C_DIC and δ¹³C_ostracods known to occur in charophyte swards (as indicated by the deposition of charophyte fossils) were excluded from the analysis of palaeo-ε. The application of the ε _{Potamogeton–DIC}-HCO₃ ⁻ transfer function yielded a median palaeo-HCO₃ ⁻ -concentration of 290 mg/l. Variations in the dissolved organic carbon supply compare well with aquatic plant productivity changes and lake level variability as inferred from a multiproxy study of the same record including analyses of plant macrofossils, ostracods, carbonate and organic content.     

基于测量机器人的GPS天线相位中心影响检测法

在GPS高精度定位中,天线相位中心影响是制约精度的一个不可忽视的因素。介绍国外最新发展的机器人测量法,推导其原理和实施步骤,并给出数据解算中应用天线相位中心检测结果的方法和流程。本研究对提高GPS测量定位的精度,以及开展基于我国卫星导航系统的接收机相位中心的检测,都具有重要的参考意义。     

哈图正长花岗岩年代学和成因及对东昆仑东段稀土元素成矿地质背景的约束

东昆仑东段哈图地区稀土元素富集与正长花岗岩关系密切。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb同位素定年结果显示哈图正长花岗岩的结晶年龄为251. 6±1. 3 Ma。哈图正长花岗岩富硅（SiO2=74. 78%~75. 78%）和碱（Na2O+K2O=7. 68%~8. 11%），低铝（Al2O3=12. 58%~13. 06%），铝饱和指数A/CNK介于0. 96~1. 03之间，主体为准铝—弱过铝质中钾钙碱性系列。哈图正长花岗岩富集轻稀土元素，亏损重稀土元素，具较明显的Eu负异常（δEu=0. 67~0. 91）；微量元素富集Rb、Th、Ba、Cs等大离子亲石元素（LILE），亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素（HFSE），具有较低的Nb/Ta比值和较高的Mg#值。以上显示，哈图正长花岗岩具壳源特征，为镁铁质岩浆底侵下地壳，使其部分熔融形成的原生岩浆再经过分异形成。哈图正长花岗岩具弧岩浆岩地球化学特征，结合东昆仑造山带岩浆岩分布以及沉积地层特征显示，早三叠世东昆仑地区处于布青山- 阿尼玛卿洋的俯冲阶段，大规模的岩浆事件引起东昆仑造山带东段稀土元素成矿作用。     

南秦岭勉略构造带张儿沟新元古代变安山岩地球化学特征及锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄——Rodinia超大陆聚合事件的记录

本文报道了新获得的南秦岭南缘勉略构造带张儿沟新元古代变安山岩锆石U-Pb年代学、主量和微量元素研究成果,并讨论了秦岭板块和扬子板块西北缘新元古代构造演化历程。张儿沟变安山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果为840±5.4 Ma(MSWD=0.44,n=20)和847±5.7Ma(MSWD=0.45,n=19)。张儿沟变安山岩属准铝质钙碱性系列,具富硅(Si_2O=58.42%～63.57%)、富钠(Na_2O/K_2O=2.02～14.94)、富铝(Al_2O_3=16.80%～17.64%)和低镁(Mg O=1.87%～2.11%)的主量元素地球化学特征,强烈富集Sr(541.42×10~(-6)～674.80×10~(-6)),亏损重稀土元素Y(9.25×10~(-6)～10.11×10~(-6))和Yb(1.10×10~(-6)～1.16×10~(-6)),具有较高的Sr/Y值(56.22～67.17),表现出弱的正铕异常(δEu=1.02～1.07),符合Adakite(高锶低钇中酸性岩,亦译埃达克岩)特征,为俯冲洋壳部分熔融的产物,熔融源区残留相可能为含10%～25%石榴子石角闪岩。张儿沟变安山岩是新元古代勉略洋盆北向俯冲阶段的产物,为Rodinia超大陆聚合事件在该地区的岩浆响应。     

东昆中构造带清水泉地区变沉积岩碎屑锆石UPb年龄及其地质意义

东昆中构造混杂岩带主要由构造混杂岩块、古老基底岩系及原地沉积岩系组成,前人对其做了大量的研究。都兰县清水泉地区的东昆中构造混杂岩带中出露了一套变质沉积地层,作为清水泉蛇绿构造混杂岩的基质岩系,研究其形成时代、构造归属以及沉积物源,对于了解东昆中构造混杂岩带的时代归属及构造演化具有重要的意义。通过对变质沉积岩的碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素年代学研究,获得碎屑锆石年龄范围为1 847~437Ma,可进一步划分为1 847~1 729Ma、1 558~1 400Ma、1 295~1 112Ma、965~749Ma、552~437Ma 5个年龄段。通过年代学、岩相学和区域对比研究,将浅变质沉积岩的形成时代限定为（490±2.6）~（427±4）Ma,为早古生代,归属于下古生界纳赤台群,同时进一步限定东昆中构造混杂岩带的基本构造格架形成于早古生代末期。     

内蒙古萨拉乌苏河流域滴哨沟湾全新世早-中期湖相沉积的地球化学古气候响应

通过对毛乌素沙漠南缘萨拉乌苏河流域滴哨沟湾剖面沉积物粒度、有机碳含量(TOC)、碳酸盐含量、无机碳酸盐碳氧同位素组成等分析测试,在已有的大量年代测定数据基础上,重建了该地区末次冰期晚期到中全新世期间的古环境。分析表明,11 000~9 950 aBP滴哨沟湾地区气候干凉,萨拉乌苏河受陕北高原降水和当地冰溶地下水补给;9 950~9 100 aBP为全新世初温度、降雨增加时期,有效湿度较高,滴哨沟湾湖泊开始形成;9 100~5 850 aBP气温继续上升,降雨增加,但相对湿度减小,该时期是滴哨沟湾湖泊发育最大时期,湖泊水体滞留时间较长;5 850~5 100 aBP气温和降水开始下降,湖泊收缩;5 100~4 700 aBP期间温度和降水继续下降,湖泊环境逐渐转变为沼泽环境;4 700~4 500 aBP期间滴哨沟湾沙漠化,形成了古流动沙丘沙沉积,干旱化加强;而在4 500~4 380 aBP时又一次短暂的温湿气候,在沙丘表层钙板隔水层之上形成了短暂的小规模积水;自4 380 aBP之后,滴哨沟湾地区沙漠化,干旱状况持续到现在。