Effects of land management practices on labile organic carbon fractions in rice cultivation

A research trial with four land management practices, i.e., traditional tillage-fallow (TTF), traditional tillage-wheat (TTW), conservation tillage-fallow (CTF) and conservation tillage-wheat (CTW), was sampled in the 15th year after its establishment to assess the effects of different management practices on labile organic carbon fractions (LOCFs), such as easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in a typical paddy soil, Chongqing, Southwest China. The results indicated that LOCFs were significantly influenced by the combination of no-tillage, ridge culture and crop rotation. And, different combination patterns showed different effectiveness on soil LOCFs. The effects of no-tillage, ridge culture and wheat cultivation on EOC, DOC, POC and MBC mainly happened at 0–10cm. At this depth, soil under CTW had higher EOC, DOC, POC and MBC contents, compared to TTF, TTW and CTF, respectively. Moreover, the contents of LOCFs for different practices generally decreased when the soil depth increased. Our findings suggest that the paddy soil in Southwest China could be managed to concentrate greater quantities of EOC, DOC, POC and MBC. Foundation item: Under the auspices of Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40231016)     

Effects of rock fragments on infiltration and evaporation in hilly purple soils of Sichuan Basin,China

This paper presents the results of laboratory experiments showing the effects of rock fragments contained in three different purple soils of the Sichuan basin of southwest China. The experiments investigated how these rock fragments alter the soil’s physical, chemical, and agronomical characteristics such as infiltration and evaporation. We found that the infiltration rate, whether horizontal or vertical, in the three soils has the following order: gray brown purple soil < reddish brown purple soil < brown purple soil. With increasing rock fragment contents the accumulated infiltration decreases, while the total time decreases first and then increases. The minimum occurs at approximately 10–20% of fragment content by weight. The infiltration rate also changes with the distance. In the 0–5 cm range, the initial infiltration rate increases with increasing rock fragment contents, while in the 5–10 cm range, the slope of infiltration curve increases with increasing rock fragment contents. With increasing distance, the slope gradually decreases and finally reaches a stable value. The presence of rock fragments reduces soil water content, the minimal value appearing when the rock fragments were on top of the soil column (soil + rock sample), decreasing with increasing rock fragments for other samples mixed with fragments. Under the constant 40°C temperature, the accumulated evaporation and evaporation rate are minimal for soils covered by rock fragments, and the accumulated evaporation decreases with increasing rock fragment for other soil samples. However, the evaporation rate increases with increasing rock fragments in the first 4 days and decreases thereafter.     

基于GIS的农村道路体系空间格局及地形梯度分异效应分析——以重庆市忠县拔山镇为例

立足丘陵山区农村道路结构功能与布局特点,以重庆市忠县拔山镇为例,研究地貌形态差异显著的地理空间单元农村道路体系空间格局特征及其在海拔高度、坡度、坡向、地形起伏度、地表切割深度、平面变率和剖面变率7个地貌形态要素上的梯度分异效应。结果表明:地势越平坦的地理空间单元农村道路体系结构越均衡、网络效率越高,且区位优势越突出的单元,农村道路网络越发达;农村道路通达弹性大但不同类型道路地形梯度效应既具有差异性又存在一定的关联性。农村道路体系中,生产路所占比例高于机耕道和农村公路,其对地形梯度变化的适宜性相对较强;各地形梯度上生产路、机耕道和农村公路互为补充,具有结构和功能的完整性及其组合效应的叠加性。因此,农村道路体系以一定的结构和功能融于农业自然人文景观,多顺应区域局地微地貌形态而建,在一定程度上,其空间格局受微地貌形态"引导与阻隔效应"甚为显著。     

四川盆地丘陵区土壤水分空间变异及其时间稳定性分析

土壤水分在空间分布上的不均匀性以及空间分布结构在时间上的稳定性,对深入理解土壤水分空间变异具有重要的意义。在四川盆地丘陵区旱坡地选取150m&#215;150m的地块范围,利用传统统计学、地统计学以及时间稳定性指数对土壤水分空间变异特征及时间稳定性的进行了分析。结果发现：在垂向变异上,土壤水分变异含量随深度的增加而降低,变异系数则相反;在空间变异结构上,0～30cm土壤水分的基台值、块金效应在不同时间发生明显波动,但仍以空间相关性为主,30～40cm的块金效应波动小,空间自相关程度高且比较稳定;球状、指数、高斯模型可用来模拟土壤水分的空间变异;空间分布格局均呈基本带状分布;土壤水分的相对值在1左右波动,稳定性指数各随土壤深度的增加而降低。     

土地利用变化及其生态响应综述

1 IntroductionLand use change,as one ofthe m ain driving forces ofglobalenvironm entalchange,is centraltothe sustainable developm ent debate (Figure 1).The types of land use are distinguished as landcover conversion,i.e.,the com plete replacem ent of one …     

A study on the characteristics of heavy metals in orange ecosystem

An investigation was conducted to identify the characteristics of heavy metals in orange ecosystem in three areas in the Three Gorge Reservoir Region by using the modified Tessier sequential extraction procedure. The contents of Cu and Pb in different speciation fractions of the soils can be ordered as the Residual (F6)>Reducible (F4)>Oxidable (F5)>Water soluble (F1)>Carbonate (F3)>Exchangeable (F2), and the contents of Zn and Ni follow the order of the Residual (F6)>Oxidable (F5)>Reducible (F4)>Water soluble (F1)>Carbonate (F3)> Exchangeable (F2), and those of Cd follow the order of the Reducible (F4)>Oxidable (F5)>Exchangeable (F2)>Carbonate (F3)>Residual (F6)>Water soluble (F1). The concentrations of Cu in the different organs of oranges follow the increasing sequence of pulp>leaf>pericarp, those of Zn and Ni following the increasing sequence of leaf>pulp>pericarp, and those of Pb and Cd follow the increasing sequence of leaf>pericarp>pulp. Correlation degrees of different forms of same heavy metals in soils are according to the order of Cu>Zn>Cd>Pb>Ni. Correlation degrees of different heavy metals in same forms are according to the order that the forms of Reducible (F4), Oxidable (F5) and Residual (F6) are higher than the forms of Water soluble (F1), Exchangeable (F2) and Carbonate (F3). There are either positive or negative correlations between heavy metals in leaves and in pulp, while there are all positive correlations between heavy mentals in leaves and in pericarp. There are significant correlations between the concentrations of some heavy metals in leaves, pericarp or pulp, and those in speciation fractions in the soils.     

碳酸盐岩残积红土的结构、构造特征及其成因研究

本文根据典型碳酸盐岩风化壳─—石灰岩、白云岩风化剖面岩土体结构、构造现象的野外系统的观察资料,自基岩到土层系统地采集了风化剖面的代表样品,在室内进行了样品的偏光显微镜、扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）和Ｘ射线能谱分析（ＥＤＡＸ）测试等工作,对残积红粘土结构、构造特征进行了较系统的研究和成因论证,最后提出了它们是溶蚀─—交代成因的结论,从而进一步充实和论证了作者在以往论文（１９８８,１９８９,１９９１ａ,１９９１ｂ）中提出的论点￣［１,２］．      

粘滞阻尼器在高墩连续梁桥抗震设计中的应用

以大理州鸡足山旅游公路宝丰寺大桥为工程背景,基于桥梁地震动方程建立了空间非线性有限元模型,研究粘滞阻尼器参数及其设置位置对山区高墩连续梁桥减震效果的影响,并同其他减震措施进行了比较,以分析进行高墩连续梁桥减震设计的合理方法.计算结果表明,粘滞阻尼器在高墩连续梁桥的抗震设计中具有优越的性能,对结构的位移控制以及内力的耗散作用非常明显,而铅芯橡胶支座由于附加刚度的影响造成边矮墩内力过于集中,在减震性能上不及粘滞阻尼器;粘滞阻尼器的安装位置对结构减震性能具有较大的影响,设计时须充分考虑,以确保结构的减震性能和工程的经济性.     

基于大型水利工程建设阶段的三峡库区土地利用变化遥感分析

使用5 期TM/ETM数据,借助动态度、综合指数和程度变化指标,旨在对比理解不同建设阶段三峡库区土地利用变化的特征与轨迹。结果表明：① 耕地与林草地间的转换、耕地和林地被建设占用、林草地互换和耕地、林地与草地被水体淹没是三峡工程整个建设20 年来土地利用转换的主要方式;② 不同建设阶段因驱动者出现的时序不同和作用程度的差异,土地利用及其驱动者在总体格局框架下体现出显著的细部轨迹;③ 整个工程建设的20 年土地利用程度综合指数相对平稳,处于中等以上水平,而利用程度的变化总体呈降低趋势,带有正“W”型的动态格局;④ 主要土地利用转换方式在空间上的分布广度和集聚度具有较大差异,主体性工程对主要土地利用转换方式的影响呈现强异质性。研究结论有助于丰富对水利工程胁迫下土地利用的理解,为未来适应性土地利用调控政策的制定提供科学依据。     

Classification and Gradation of Cultivated Land Quality in Bishan County of Chongqing, China

The conflicts among food security, economic development and ecological protection are the “sticking point” of undeveloped southwestern mountainous areas of China. The objectives of this study are to identify appropriate inte- grated indicators influencing the classification and gradation of cultivated land quality in the southwestern mountainous area of China based on semi-structure interview, and to promote the monitoring of cultivated land quality in this region. Taking Bishan County of Chongqing as a study case, the integrated indicators involve the productivity, protection, ac- ceptability, and stability of cultivated land. The integrated indicators accord with the characteristics of land resources and human preference in southwestern mountainous area of China. In different agricultural zones, we emphasize different indicators, such as emphasizing productivity, stabilization and acceptability in low hilly and plain agricultural integrative zone (LHP-AIZ), protection, productivity and stability in low mountain and hill agro-forestry ecological zone (LMH-AEZ), and acceptability in plain outskirts integrative agricultural zone (PO-IAZ), respectively. The pronounced difference of classification and gradation of cultivated land, regardless of inter-region or intra-region, is observed, with the reducible rank from PO-IAZ, LHP-AIZ to LMH-AEZ. Research results accord with the characteristics of assets management and intensive utilization of cultivated land resources in the southwestern mountainous area of China. Semi-structure interview adequately presents the principal agent of farmers in agricultural land use and rural land market. This method is very effective and feasible to obtain data of the quality of cultivated land in the southwestern mountainous area of China.