Mountain hydrology of Canada and China: A case study in comparative hydrology

Comparative hydrology attempts to identify regions with similar environmental attributes and then compares the hydrological activities in these regions to facilitate the transfer of knowledge and exchange of techniques. As a case study, the mountainous regions of Canada and China were compared. Vertical zonation is a characteristic feature of such regions, generating contrasts in microclimate, vegetation, soil and the resultant hydrological responses. An increase in precipitation with altitude is modified by aspect and other local factors. In temperate and colder latitudes, snow and ice are important, especially at higher elevations. Both countries have conducted many hydrological studies on snow and glaciers, but evaporation in mountainous terrain merits more attention. Runoff from mountainous catchments is often generated by a range of processes including rainfall, snowmelt and glacier melt, and runoff response to water input tends to be rapid. This study identifies some of the strengths and weaknesses of our current knowledge of mountain hydrology in both countries, and suggests that a more comprehensive treatment of the subject will improve the prediction of the hydrological behaviour of such regions.     

Flood hydrograph coincidence analysis of the upper Yangtze River and Dongting Lake,China

Natural Hazards - In hydrological research, flood events can be analyzed by flood hydrograph coincidence. The duration of the flood hydrograph is a key variable to calculate the flood hydrograph...     

无/缺水下地形数据的高原堰塞湖水量遥感估算

水量遥感动态监测对于高原堰塞湖风险评估、预报预警和处置决策等具有重要意义。针对高原无资料或缺资料区,充分利用空天遥感技术,文章提出了一种无/缺水下地形数据的高原堰塞湖水量遥感定量估算方法。该方法首先通过遥感水域面积提取,获取堰塞湖淹没空间范围;进而采用不规则复杂多边形中线定位算法,确定堰塞湖中心线位置;然后基于河道中心特定点高程信息,结合局部河道比降估算,生成堰塞湖水下地形河道中线约束因子;再根据河道边坡高程信息和水下地形约束因子自适应拟合出局部堰塞河道的水下未知地形;最后通过三维曲面离散积分实现堰塞湖水量遥感动态定量估算。实验以东帕米尔高原的萨雷兹堰塞湖为研究区,展开遥感水量调查与局部验证研究,结果表明:萨雷兹堰塞湖当前水域面积约为89.09 km²,水量约为162.49亿m³;这一结果与专家预估的水资源量155—165亿m³基本吻合。经局部模拟实验精度对比验证,模拟结果与实际数据动态误差总体控制在10%以内,相关系数达到0.95(P<0.01,双尾),进一步证明了算法的鲁棒性和估算结果的可信度。为无/缺水下地形数据的高原堰塞湖水量遥感估算提供了一种有效的方法,实现了水下地形未知的高原堰塞湖水量遥感快速反演与定量测算。     

熊耳山—外方山矿集区中生代Au-Mo成矿系统

熊耳山—外方山矿集区位于秦岭造山带之华北板块南缘,经历了复杂的碰撞造山过程,成矿时间跨度大,成矿强度高,成矿作用多样。复合造山过程和相应的成矿作用已被深入研究,但成矿系统的划分和叠加成矿作用尚需研究。本文将熊耳山—外方山矿集区发育的Au-Mo矿床划分为造山型Mo矿床、斑岩型Mo矿床、岩浆热液脉型Mo矿床、造山型Au矿床和岩浆热液型Au矿床5个类型,对应5种成矿系统：(1)造山型Mo矿床形成于250~227 Ma的同碰撞环境和227~194 Ma的后碰撞环境,为变质热液萃取壳源Mo成矿;(2)斑岩型Mo矿床形成于163~135 Ma的洋陆俯冲环境和135~116 Ma的岩石圈减薄环境,为岩浆热液携带幔源或壳源Mo成矿;(3)岩浆热液脉型Mo矿床形成于227~194 Ma的后碰撞环境,为岩浆热液携带幔源Mo成矿;(4)造山型Au矿床在三叠纪发生了预富集作用,主要形成于163~135 Ma的洋陆俯冲环境和135~103 Ma的岩石圈减薄环境,为变质热液萃取壳源Au成矿;(5)岩浆热液型Au矿床仅形成于135~103 Ma的岩石圈减薄环境,为岩浆热液携带壳源Au成矿。矿集区主要存在两种叠加成矿作用,即不同构造背景下多种成矿系统的叠加和同一构造背景下不同成矿系统的叠加。     

直排式真空预压法加固吹填土地基的固结沉降分析

直排式真空预压法可以很好缩短工期、效果明显,是近年来在我国沿海地区广泛应用的软土地基处理方法。如何判别地基加固的程度,除了理论分析外,常常以地基处理过程中的沉降、孔隙水压力等指标的实时监测资料作为依据。以杭州湾地区吹填土加固工程为例,采用地表沉降和孔隙水压力的监测资料,分析加固地基固结沉降程度。结果表明,以沉降和孔隙水压力实时监测数据可准确判别吹填土地基固结程度,可为类似工程提供参考。     

基于LAHARZ的泥石流堆积范围预测模型的建立及应用

为了探究泥石流的堆积范围,利用LAHARZ软件,对北京市密云县泥石流沟喇嘛栅子南沟进行了数值模拟。结合泥石流沟小流域1：10 000数字高程模型图,模拟了泥石流的堆积范围。首先利用中国部分地区泥石流体积和堆积范围的数据资料,获得了泥石流体体积与其堆积范围的新的统计模型B=11.42V^0.7156;然后通过模拟沟道与实际沟道的对比,确定了最佳沟道阈值为15 000;再结合现场调查统计和降雨历史资料,确定了10年、20年、50年和100年一遇暴雨条件的泥石流体积值,分别为56 500、72 900、94 200和113 100 m³;最后在此基础上对该条泥石流沟的堆积范围进行了预测。结果表明,100年一遇的暴雨条件下泥石流堆积面积为48 729 m²,到达最远距离约为490 m,已影响下游村庄。     

Paleoproterozoic volcanic rocks in the southern margin of the North China Craton,central China:Implications for the Columbia supercontinent

The volcanic rocks of the Xiong'er Group are situated in the southern margin of the North China Craton(NCC).Research on the Xiong er Group is important to understand the tectonic evolution of the NCC and the Columbia supercontinent during the Paleoproterozoic.In this study,to constrain the age of the Xiong'er volcanic rocks and identify its tectonic environment,we report zircon LA-ICP-MS data with Hf isotope,whole-rock major and trace element compositions and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopes of the volcanic rocks of the Xiong'er Group.The Xiong'er volcanic rocks mainly consist of basaltic andesite,andesite.dacite and rhyolite,with minor basalt.Our new sets of data combined with those from previous studies indicate that Xiong'er volcanism should have lasted from 1827 Ma to 1746 Ma as the major phase of the volcanism.These volcanics have extremely low MgO.Cr and Ni contents,are enriched in LREEs and LILEs but depleted in HFSEs(Nb,Ta,and Ti),similar to arc-related volcanic rocks.They are characterized by negative zircon ε_(Hf)_(t) values of-17.4 to 8.8,whole-rock initial ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr values of 0.7023 to 0.7177 andε_(Nd)(t) values of-10.9 to 6.4.and Pb isotopes(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb =14.366-16.431,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb =15.106-15.371,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb= 32.455-37.422).The available elemental and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotope data suggest that the Xiong'er volcanic rocks were sourced from a mantle contaminated by continental crust.The volcanic rocks of the Xiong'er Group might have been generated by high-degree partial melting of a lithospheric mantle that was originally modified by oceanic subduction in the Archean.Thus,we suggest that the subduction-modified lithospheric mantle occurred in an extensional setting during the breakup of the Columbia supercontinent in the Late Paleoproterozoic,rather than in an arc setting.     

Statistical analysis of intensity variations in tropical cyclones in the East China Sea passing over the Kuroshio

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - Intensity variations of the SE-NW-oriented tropical cyclones (TC) in the East China Sea (ECS) passing over the Kuroshio are studied using multi-year...     

2012年夏季秦巴山区暴雨过程的地形作用诊断

利用NCEP/NCAR的1°×1° FNL再分析资料对2012年7月3—4日发生在陕西南部秦巴山区暴雨过程的成因及地形对暴雨的作用进行了诊断研究,同时利用中尺度模式WRFV331模拟了暴雨过程,结果表明：500 hPa高原槽、700、850 hPa的低涡切变线和副高外围西南气流是暴雨的主要影响天气系统。700 hPa副高外围的西南气流从云贵高原推进到秦岭南坡并沿坡爬升,同时还与山前的偏东气流汇合而形成气流辐合区,致使气旋性涡度增大,辐合抬升作用造成强垂直上升运动,低层低涡切变线得以发展和维持,秦岭南坡产生了大暴雨,秦巴山区地形对暴雨有显著的增幅作用。高原槽中冷空气从秦岭以北向南侵入,大巴山以南的西南暖湿气流向北推进,在冷暖空气的交汇地带形成斜压锋区;地形的辐合抬升作用加强中低层大气锋生,增大大气斜压不稳定性,触发不稳定能量的释放,有利于暴雨的发生。暴雨发生期间秦巴山区在垂直方向上,雨水、云水、冰晶的大值中心相互对应,存在“播撒—供给”效应,有利于雨水粒子增多,导致山区出现了强降雨。     

Implementation of DSC model and application for analysis of field pile tests under cyclic loading

The disturbed state concept (DSC) model, and a new and simplified procedure for unloading and reloading behavior are implemented in a nonlinear finite element procedure for dynamic analysis for coupled response of saturated porous materials. The DSC model is used to characterize the cyclic behavior of saturated clays and clay–steel interfaces. In the DSC, the relative intact (RI) behavior is characterized by using the hierarchical single surface (HISS) plasticity model; and the fully adjusted (FA) behavior is modeled by using the critical state concept. The DSC model is validated with respect to laboratory triaxial tests for clay and shear tests for clay‐steel interfaces. The computer procedure is used to predict field behavior of an instrumented pile subjected to cyclic loading. The predictions provide very good correlation with the field data. They also yield improved results compared to those from a HISS model with anisotropic hardening, partly because the DSC model allows for degradation or softening and interface response. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.