背景场项目中iDirect卫星通信系统设计

介绍背景场项目中i Direct卫星通信系统,主要从背景场项目对卫星通信的需求、系统设计、数据接入、系统应用等方面进行阐述,具体介绍卫星信系统为行业网备份的数据接入方案以及数据应用案例,可独立为国家测震台提供数据传输信道,保障测震速报业务的正常开展。     

Experimental analysis on the impact force of viscous debris flow

A miniaturized flume experiment was carried out to measure impact forces of viscous debris flow. The flow depth (7.2–11.2 cm), velocity (2.4–5.2 m/s) and impact force were recorded during the experiment. The impact process of debris flow can be divided into three phases by analyzing the variation of impact signals and flow regime. The three phases are the sudden strong impact of the debris flow head, continuous dynamic pressure of the body and slight static pressure of the tail. The variation of impact process is consistent with the change in the flow regime. The head has strong–rapid impact pressure, which is shown as a turbulent‐type flow; the body approximates to steady laminar flow. Accordingly, the process of debris flows hitting structures was simplified to a triangle shape, ignoring the pressure of the tail. In order to study the distribution of the debris flow impact force at different depths and variation of the impact process over time, the impact signals of slurry and coarse particles were separated from the original signals using wavelet analysis. The slurry's dynamic pressure signal appears to be a smooth curve, and the peak pressure is 12–34 kPa when the debris flow head hits the sensors, which is about 1.54 ± 0.36 times the continuous dynamic pressure of the debris flow body. The limit of application of the empirical parameter α in the hydraulic formula was also noted. We introduced the power function relationship of α and the Froude number of debris flows, and proposed a universal model for calculating dynamic pressure. The impact pressure of large particles has the characteristic of randomness. The mean frequency of large particles impacting the sensor is 210 ± 50–287 ± 29 times per second, and it is 336 ± 114–490 ± 69 times per second for the debris flow head, which is greater than that in the debris flow body. Peak impact pressure of particles at different flow depths is 40–160 kPa, which is 3.2 ± 1.5 times the impact pressure of the slurry at the bottom of the flow, 3.1 ± 0.9 times the flow in the middle, and 3.3 ± 0.9 times the flow at the surface. The differences in impact frequency indicate that most of the large particles concentrate in the debris flow head, and the number of particles in the debris flow head increases with height. This research supports the study of solid–liquid two phase flow mechanisms, and helps engineering design and risk assessment in debris flow prone areas. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recursive impedance inversion of ground-penetrating radar data in stochastic media

The travel time and amplitude of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) waves are closely related to medium parameters such as water content, porosity, and dielectric permittivity. However, conventional estimation methods, which are mostly based on wave velocity, are not suitable for real complex media because of limited resolution. Impedance inversion uses the reflection coefficient of radar waves to directly calculate GPR impedance and other parameters of subsurface media. We construct a 3D multiscale stochastic medium model and use the mixed Gaussian and exponential autocorrelation function to describe the distribution of parameters in real subsurface media. We introduce an elliptical Gaussian function to describe local random anomalies. The tapering function is also introduced to reduce calculation errors caused by the numerical simulation of discrete grids. We derive the impedance inversion workflow and test the calculation precision in complex media. Finally, we use impedance inversion to process GPR field data in a polluted site in Mongolia. The inversion results were constrained using borehole data and validated by resistivity data.     

频率域航空电磁法地形影响和校正方法

为了研究地形对频率域航空电磁法的影响程度,以及如何有效提取由于地形产生的航空电磁场,笔者利用频率域有限差分法开展了复杂地形条件下的频率域航空电磁响应计算和分析研究。计算结果表明,坡度较陡的地形对频率域航空电磁响应影响较大(尤其在沟谷位置地形影响最大),以至于增加了电磁异常的复杂程度,影响了电磁异常的解释结果。在综合研究的基础上,采用二维和三维的地形校正方法对典型地形地电模型进行校正,有效去除和压制了地形引起的电磁干扰异常,突出了异常体引起的电磁异常,提高了频率域航空电磁的解释效果。     

Comparison of ground truth location of earthquake from InSAR and from ambient seismic noise:A case study of the 1998 Zhangbei earthquake

Because ambient seismic noise provides estimated Greenos function (EGF) between two sites with high accuracy, Rayleigh wave propagation along the path connecting the two sites is well resolved. Therefore, earthquakes which are close to one seismic station can be well located with calibration extracting from EGF. We test two algorithms in locating the 1998 Zhangbei earthquake, one algorithm is waveform-based, and the other is traveltime-based. We first compute EGF between station ZHB (a station about 40 km away from the epicenter) and five IC/IRIS stations. With the waveform-based approach, we calculate 1D synthetic single-force Greenos functions between ZHB and other four stations, and obtain traveltime corrections by correlating synthetic Greenos functions with EGFs in period band of 10-30 s. Then we locate the earthquake by minimizing the differential travel times between observed earthquake waveform and the 1D synthetic earthquake waveforms computed with focal mechanism provided by Global CMT after traveltime correction from EGFs. This waveform-based approach yields a location which error is about 13 km away from the location observed with InSAR. With the traveltime-based approach, we begin with measuring group velocity from EGFs as well as group arrival time on observed earthquake waveforms, and then locate the earthquake by minimizing the difference between observed group arrival time and arrival time measured on EGFs. This traveltime-based approach yields accuracy of 3 km, Therefore it is feasible to achieve GT5 (ground truth location with accuracy 5 km) with ambient seismic noises. The less accuracy of the waveform-based approach was mainly caused by uncertainty of focal mechanism.     

A case study of long-term field performance of check-dams in mitigation of soil erosion in Jiangjia stream,China

This paper examines the long-term field performance of the check-dams in mitigation of soil erosion in the Duozhao catchment of Jiangjia stream, southwest China. Since their construction between 1979 and 1982, the check-dams have been functioning effectively. The examination is made via comparisons between the environmental conditions of the Duozhao catchment with its adjacent Menqian catchment in the stream, because no check dams were constructed in the Menqian catchment. The examination is based on recent field investigations and aerial photograph analyses, and covers four aspects: (a) bed gradients of catchment channels; (b) stability of bank slopes; (c) rates of land erosion; and (d) vegetations on bank slopes. The field data demonstrate that the check-dams have had the following good functions for mitigation of soil erosion: (1) restricting the channel depth and lateral erosions, (2) protecting the channel erosion base, (3) reducing the bed gradients of debris-flow channels, (4) fixing the channel bed, (5) stabilizing the bank slopes, as well as (6) facilitating the growth of vegetations. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Temporal and spatial characteristics of surface water quality by an improved universal pollution index in red soil hilly region of South China: a case study in Liuyanghe River watershed

Selecting the Liuyanghe River watershed as an example, using monitoring data of water quality of nearly 10 years and the improved synthesis pollution index method to evaluate the water quality, the research studied the temporal and spatial characteristics of surface water quality of a typical basin in the red soil hilly region, and analyzed reasons for the surface water quality change. The results indicated the improved synthesis pollution index had a better serviceability than other methods, such as, Pollution Index method, Fuzzy Evaluation method, Grey-System method etc. As for the temporal characteristic, because of no-point source pollution, the water quality of Liuyanghe River watershed had become a more and more serious problem over a ten-year period. The spatial characteristic indicated that the pollution degree increased from upstream to downriver. Water quality upstream was better, and the content of the heavy metals was higher in the middle of the river, and the pollution of ammonia nitrogen intensified downriver. The result suggested the improved universal pollution index could be used in the assessment of the water environment.     

Geology and Lead-Isotope Study of the Baiyinnuoer Zn-Pb-Ag Deposit, South Segment of the Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeastern China

The Baiyinnuoer deposit (32.74 Mt ore with grades of 5.44% Zn, 2.02% Pb and 31.36 g t^?1 Ag), the largest Zn‐Pb‐Ag deposit in northern China, is hosted by crystalline limestone and slate of the Early Permian Huanggangliang Formation. Detailed cross‐section mapping indicates stratigraphic and fold structural controls on the mineralization. The Zn‐Pb‐Ag mineralization is hosted predominantly by skarn, which occurs as bedding‐parallel lens that pinch out at the margins of the main economic zone. Three skarn stages are identified at the deposit: (i) garnet‐clinopyroxene; (ii) sulfides; and (iii) carbonate‐epidote. Lead isotopic compositions were determined for galena and sphalerite of the ores, whole rock samples of the Yanshanian granite and granodiorite, Permian marble and tuff, and Jurassic volcanic and subvolcanic rocks in and around the Baiyinnuoer area in order to discuss the sources of ore‐forming materials and the relationship between the ore formation and these whole rocks. Galena and sphalerite of the Baiyinnuoer ore have uniform isotopic ratios (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 18.267–18.369; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.506–15.624; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 38.078–38.394) consistent with the granite and granodiorite (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 18.252–18.346; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.504–15.560; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 38.141–38.320), whereas the ratios for Jurassic volcanic and subvolcanic rocks are variable and radiogenic (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 18.468–18.614; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.521–15.557; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 38.304–38.375). These results indicate that the mineralization was not related to the Jurassic volcanism, but to the Yanshanian magmatism. The Permian strata may have a slight contribution to the mineralization. All features show that the Baiyinnuoer deposit is related to the Yanshanian granitic magmatism, and can be classified as a zinc‐lead‐silver skarn deposit.     

西藏仁布地区上三叠统重矿物组合与物源分析

采用重矿物组合和指数方法对西藏南部仁布地区上三叠统朗杰学群和涅如组的物源进行了分析。结果显示：该区上三叠统常见的重矿物主要为锆石、磷灰石、金红石、锐钛矿和电气石;重矿物组合ZTR和ATi指数均高,MZi指数较低但多见,GZi指数低且多为零;郎杰学群的ZTR和ATi指数成反比关系,涅如组的ZTR增加时ATi基本不受影响。仁布地区上三叠统的物源主要来自火山岩,次为中酸性岩浆岩,少量来自变质岩和超基性侵入岩;涅如组的物源可能来自南边;朗杰学群的物源则可能来自北边,向郎杰学群提供物源的可能是拉萨地块。涅如组和郎杰学群在重矿物组合及其指数上的异同的成因有待进一步工作