北京地区某基坑边坡支护变形分析及建议

通过北京地区某基坑开挖工程中的变形情况,分析该工程基坑边坡变形的根本原因,同时通过该工程的情况,反思在岩土工程设计及施工过程中遇见该类饱和的细颗粒地层时应当注意的事项,最后对在此类地层中施工时的一些难点提出了解决方法。     

四川盆地东部下古生界页岩储集空间特征及其对含气性的影响

四川盆地东部下古生界海相页岩是一套有利的页岩气储层,通过野外泥页岩剖面及井下岩芯观察、电镜扫描、常规物性及微孔隙结构测试、等温吸附实验等技术方法,对页岩气储层空间特征进行了研究分析,发现下古生界页岩的孔隙可分为三大类六小类,裂缝可分为两大类五小类,具有颗粒细小、致密、大孔发育少、微孔发育多、具有一定孔隙度、渗透率小、喉道细、连通性差的特征。页岩总孔体积主体是由孔径小于200nm的微孔隙提供的,纳米级孔隙和微裂缝是页岩主要的储集空间,页岩有机质孔对于孔隙度具有一定贡献,是富有机质页岩的主要微孔隙类型。页岩的微孔隙结构决定了页岩气的赋存状态和流动方式,孔缝发育程度在一定程度上决定了页岩的含气性及其渗透性能,但大型或巨型裂缝的发育,将给页岩气的有效保存带来破坏。有机质(干酪根和沥青质)和黏土颗粒内的微孔隙表面是吸附态页岩气赋存的主要空间,但有机质孔提供了大部分具吸附性的孔比表面,是控制页岩吸附性能的主要因素,而黏土矿物的作用是次要的。     

板桥学校液化带工程地质条件及液化土层特性

砂土液化是地震主要次生地质灾害之一。在512汶川地震中,德阳等地发生较大面积砂土液化现象。为详细了解液化带工程地质基本特征,选择板桥学校液化带进行详细液化震害调查、钻探和现场试验。结果表明:（1）液化震害典型,主要包括喷水冒砂、地表裂缝、侧移和基础下沉等;（2）砾石层是唯一的无粘性土层,砾石层分为性质不同的全新世沉积和更新世沉积两部分,未见砂层分布;（3）液化土层是全新统砾石层,该砾石的颗粒大小分布特征表现为级配不良,并有粒组缺失现象;（4）非液化盖层对喷出物有过滤作用,砂粒等细颗粒容易沿裂缝喷出地表,卵砾石等粗颗粒受阻留在土层中,导致喷出物为砂土。     

Geochemical Mapping: With Special Emphasis on Analytical Requirements

More than 40 national and regional geochemical mapping projects in the world carried out from 1973 to 1988 do not conform to common standards. In particular they have many analytical deficiencies. In the period 1988 to 1992, the International Geochemical Mapping project （Project 259 of UNESCO＇s IGCP Program） prepared recommendations designed to standardize geochemical mapping methods. The analytical requirements are an essential component of the overall recommendations. They included the following： 71 elements should be analyzed in future mapping projects; the detection limits of trace and ultratrace elements must be lower than the corresponding crustal abundances; and the Chinese GSD and Canadian STSD standard sample series should be used for the correlation of global data. A proposal was also made to collect 5000 composite samples, at very low sampling densities to cover the whole Earth＇s land surface. In 1997 an IUGS Working Group on Global Geochemical Baselines was formed to continue the work which began with IGCP 259. From 1997 up to now, new progress has been made especially in China and FOREGS countries under the aegis of this working group, including the study of suitable sampling media, development of a multi-element analytical system, new proficiency test for selection of competent laboratories and role of wide-spaced mapping in mineral exploration. One of the major problems awaiting solution has been the inability of many laboratories to meet the IGCP recommendations to generate high quality geochemical maps. Fortunately several laboratories in China and Europe have demonstrated an ability to meet the requirements and they will be well placed to render technical assistance to other countries.     

贵州碳酸盐岩岩性基底对土地石漠化时空演变的控制

为了解碳酸盐岩岩性基底对土地石漠化时空演变的作用, 利用RS、GIS和GPS技术构建了贵州20世纪80年代、90年代和21世纪初3期1∶10万的土地石漠化历史空间分布图, 结合碳酸盐岩岩石组合类型分布数据, 利用数学建模的方法进行空间分析.结果发现: (1)石漠化的演变方式与碳酸盐岩的类型有关, 而与其纯度关系不大; (2)石漠化演变规模、演变速率和演变频率与碳酸盐岩岩性纯度呈正相关; (3)在石灰岩组合类型区, 无石漠化土地易演变到中度石漠化土地; 而在白云岩组合类型区, 无石漠化土地易演变到轻度石漠化土地; (4)无论碳酸盐岩纯度和组成如何, 在石漠化演变的长期过程中, 强度以上石漠化波动较小, 轻度、中度石漠化波动较大.因此, 碳酸盐岩岩性基底对土地石漠化的时空演变过程有明显的控制作用.      

赣北大湖塘矿田特大型钨矿床成矿条件及成矿模式探讨

文章收集了大湖塘矿田成矿信息资料,从成矿物源、成矿动力作用、成矿通道与赋存空间、成矿岩体化学特征、特别事件与成矿偏在性等方面,探讨了大湖塘矿田特大型矿床的形成条件和成矿模式。认为燕山早期多次岩浆侵入这一特别事件造就了大湖塘矿田巨大的成矿空间、丰富的成矿流体、多次聚集成矿;讨论了矿田围岩具有形成特大型矿床的成矿偏在性,得出特大型矿床主要是在燕山早期大规模岩浆活动和成矿大爆发这一特别事件与矿田特殊围岩的耦合机制下形成的。认为原大湖塘矿区具有形成特大型矿床的条件,有可能成为大湖塘矿田内又一个特大型钨多金属矿床。     

利用LA-ICP-MS在16 μm和10 μm激光束斑条件下测定独居石U-Th-Pb年龄

我国锂钾主要矿产资源大多分布在西部偏远地区,其勘查找矿或综合利用迫切需要现场快速分析技术的支持。本文介绍了自行开发的便携式Li-K分析仪的主要性能及其在锂辉石中锂的分析应用。Li-K分析仪是一种基于大气压的液体阴极辉光放电光谱仪,以待测液体为放电阴极,实现样品中Li、K等元素的原子化和激发。该仪器以光纤传导CCD光谱仪作为检测器,其波长范围为345～1015 nm,分辨率3 nm;以Li 670.78 nm和K 769.90 nm分析谱线,在最佳仪器工作条件下测定Li、K的精密度（RSD,n=14）均低于2%,检出限为0.03 μg/mL,检测范围0.1～10 μg/mL。研究表明,不同酸度和酸的类型对谱线强度影响较大,且存在显著的样品基体效应,标准曲线法分析锂辉石中Li的结果偏差高达267%;而标准加入法可克服基体效应的影响,获得与ICP-OES一致性较好的分析结果,为现场开展固体样品中Li的测定奠定了基础。     

湖北清江和尚洞风化岩壁放线菌分离及基于16S rRNA的种类分析

为探究湖北清江和尚洞岩壁放线菌物种组成及其与碳酸盐岩相互作用的关系,分别采集该洞穴无光区风化岩壁样品2份（W1和W2）和弱光区风化岩壁样品1份（W3）,采用经改良的5种已知放线菌分离培养基及1种自主设计的风化岩壁浸汁培养基两种策略优化设计分离培养基。采用稀释涂布法分离放线菌,并选择放线菌特异引物进行16S rRNA基因扩增和序列测定并构建系统发育树。结果表明,从3份风化岩壁样品中共纯化到放线菌72株,分属于放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）的4个属:链霉菌属（Streptomyces,69株）、红球菌属（Rhodococcus,1株）、冢村氏菌属（Tsukamurella,1株）和微杆菌属（Microbacterium,1株）,其中链霉菌属为优势菌属。无光区样品W1和W2分离到菌株较少,分别为9株和10株,而弱光区样品W3分离到菌株较多,为53株。研究结果为进一步研究放线菌与洞穴碳酸盐矿物相互作用的潜在关系奠定了基础。      

青藏铁路设计与建设——第六届国际冻土工程会议回顾

The 6^th International Symposium on Permafrost Engineering was successfully held in China in September 2004. About 150 scientists and engineers from 7 countries attended the symposium in Lanzhou on 5～7 September, and about 35 people from 6 countries participated in the field trip along the QinghaiTibet Highway/Railway on 8～13 September and the seminar in Lhasa on 14 September 2004. During the Symposium, the latest progress on permafrost engineering and the surveys, design and construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway were exchanged and inspected. Fifty-eight technical papers in English from the Symposium were published in the first volume of the Proceedings of the Symposium, as a supplement of the Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, before the symposium. About 6 papers from the symposium are published in the second volume in the volume 27(1) of the Journal of the Glaciology and Geocryology, after the symposium. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR) under construction will traverse 632 km of permafrost, and the engineers are facing unprecedented engineering and environmental challenges. With the QTR under construction and to be completed in 2007, permafrost engineering has become the research focus of permafrost scientists and engineers in China. Many encouraging and promising achievements in permafrost engineering have been obtained during the past three years. However, there are still numerous engineering and environmental problems needing to be solved or resolved. In the discussions, some experts pointed out that methods, such as removal of snow cover on the embankments and toe areas, light-color embankments and side slope surfaces, awnings for shading the solar radiation, hairpin or tilted thermosyphons, could be applied to actively cool the roadbed of the QTR. Some new ideas on utilization of the natural cold reserves were proposed to protect the QTR permafrost roadbed from thawing. Many questions and answers on the survey, design, construction, operations, maintenance and environmental protection were exchanged in situ and in the Lhasa seminar with participation by some major railway designers, regulators and administrators.     

云南羊拉铜矿床成矿流体特征及成矿过程

云南羊拉铜矿床位于金沙江构造带中部,是中-晚三叠世金沙江洋盆向西俯冲闭合碰撞造山过程中形成的一个大型铜矿床。矿体多呈层状、似层状顺层产出,但明显受层间破碎带和滑脱带控制。从流体包裹体研究入手,讨论了该矿床成矿流体的特征、演化以及流体不混溶(沸腾)作用与成矿的关系。流体包裹体研究表明,干夕卡岩阶段(Ⅰ)、湿夕卡岩磁铁矿阶段(Ⅱ)、石英硫化物阶段(Ⅲ)以及方解石硫化物阶段(Ⅳ)中发育多种类型的包裹体,主要为气液水两相包裹体和含子矿物多相包裹体,纯液相水包裹体次之,少见纯气相有机质包裹体。其中,含子矿物多相包裹体发育于Ⅰ阶段石榴石、Ⅱ阶段绿帘石,尤其是Ⅲ阶段石英中。Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段成矿流体具有高温、高盐度特征,均一温度分别为413~593 ℃和336~498 ℃,盐度分别为19.1%~49.7% NaCleq和15.7%~53.3% NaCleq;Ⅲ阶段成矿流体均一温度为148~398 ℃,并具有低盐度(2.1%~9.6% NaCleq)与高盐度(35.5%~65.3% NaCleq)共存的特征;Ⅳ阶段成矿流体具有低温(132~179 ℃)、低盐度(3.4%~10.4% NaCleq)特征。根据流体包裹体的微观特征并结合矿区的宏观地质特征,认为流体不混溶(沸腾)是导致本矿区金属沉淀成矿的主要机制。