日照万平口沙滩质量评价及“蓝旗沙滩”建设建议

沙滩质量评价是有效的沙滩管理工具。“蓝旗”标准是目前世界上认可度最高的沙滩评价标准。文章基于“蓝旗”标准,根据国内外已有沙滩质量评价体系,结合实地调研和问卷调查,构建适用于万平口沙滩的质量评价体系。评价结果表明：(1)万平口环境因素、安全与教育和环境管理准则层评价结果均为良好,社会因素准则层达到优质等级,说明万平口风景区作为旅游地,其气候条件适宜,服务水平和安全及教育水平都较为发达。(2）万平口沙滩的自然条件本底优良,是最能体现日照“蓝天、碧海、金沙滩”的特色景区。但由于自然及人为因素造成的沙滩侵蚀退化现象严重,影响了沙滩的可持续发展。根据评价结果及万平口与“蓝旗沙滩”的对比差异,认为万平口建设“蓝旗沙滩”,需要完善景区水质监测、加强景区内及周边环境管理、重视沙滩养护、完善基础设施的投放、进一步提高景区的服务水平、重视景区内安全保障及加强景区的宣传,提高公众对“蓝旗”的认知度。     

River discharge,land use change,and surface water quality in the Xiangjiang River,China

To compare the impacts of river discharge on the surface water quality of the Xiangjiang River in China, 12 surface water quality parameters recorded at 31 sampling sites from January 1998 to December 2008 along the river and its main tributaries were analyzed. Significantly higher concentrations of total nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen, and total phosphorus, and biochemical oxygen demand were observed during low‐flow periods than during high‐flow periods, implying a higher risk to local residents drinking untreated water during low‐flow periods. Pollution indexes, including the inorganic pollution index and integrated pollution index (IPI), were negatively related to impervious surface area (ISA) and cropland area (CLA) when ISA (CLA) was less than 160 (3000) km². However, the relationship was positive when ISA (CLA) was larger than 160 (3000) km², which provided a reasonable explanation for the observed spatial patterns of water quality. Distinct increasing temporal trends for two kinds of pollution indexes were also found. The annual ISA was significantly related to the rapid degradation of water quality from 1998 to 2008, with correlation coefficient (r) values of 0.816 (p = 0.002) and 0.711 (p = 0.014) for the organic pollution index (OPI) and IPI, respectively. However, annual rainfall was negatively correlated with the two indexes with r values of 0.785 (p = 0.002) and 0.448 (p = 0.093) for OPI and IPI, respectively. Our study highlights that decision makers should be more aware of recent increases in the pollution of the Xiangjiang River, especially at downriver sites and during low‐flow periods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于双分支卷积神经网络的SAR与多光谱图像融合实验

针对合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)和多光谱(Multi-Spectral,MS)融合图像中存在的空间细节模糊和颜色失真问题,该文兼顾光谱监督和空间细节监督,设计光谱损失函数和空间细节损失函数,提出一种基于双分支卷积神经网络(Convolution Neural Network,CNN)的SAR和MS图像融合算法。该算法网络框架包含光谱保持和细节提升两个分支:光谱保持分支通过上采样MS图像连接到网络的输出,直接将光谱信息传递到融合图像中;细节提升分支对SAR和MS图像通过高通滤波提取高频细节信息,然后应用CNN对细节信息进行特征提取、特征融合及重建,最后将重建的细节信息叠加到上采样的MS图像,得到融合结果。以哨兵-1B GRD级别的SAR图像和Landsat8卫星多光谱图像为实验数据,通过与传统融合算法和深度学习算法RSIFNN进行对比,结果表明,该文算法在定性和定量评价方面效果更好,能够在保持光谱信息的基础上增强多光谱图像的空间细节信息,有利于后续地物分类和目标识别等工作的开展。     

城市地铁对沿线居民通勤交通碳排放的影响 ——以郑州市为例

基于郑州市地铁1号线、2号线周边11个典型社区的居民调查数据,对地铁开通前后居民通勤交通碳排放进行了核算,从职业、收入和距离等方面分析了地铁沿线居民通勤交通碳排放的影响因素,结果表明:(1)地铁1号线开通后人均通勤碳排放减少18%,地铁2号线开通后减少43%;(2)不同职业类型的居民在地铁开通后通勤碳减排比例由高到低依次为教师、公司职员、其他、工人、公务员;(3)居民收入与通勤交通碳排放量成正相关,与地铁开通后的碳减排比例呈负相关;(4)居民通勤碳减排率与居住地到最近地铁站的距离成负相关,地铁开通后距离地铁站为0~1,1~2,2~3 km的小区人均通勤碳排放减少率分别52.76%,41.12%,24.36%。     

Geographical Variation and Influencing Factors of Spartina alterniflora Expansion Rate in Coastal China

Biological invasion poses a huge threat to ecological security.Spartina alterniflora was introduced into China in 1979,and its arrival corresponded with negative effects on native ecosystems.To explore geographical variation of its expansion rate in coastal China,we selected 43 S.alterniflora sites from Tianjin Coastal New Area to Beihai.The area expansion rate,expansion rate paralleling and vertical to the shoreline were analysed based on Landsat images and field survey in 2015.Simple Ocean Data Assimilation(SODA)and climate data were collected to statistically analyse the influential factors of expansion rate.Results showed that significant difference of S.alterniflora area expansion rate among different latitude zones(P<0.01),increasing from 6.08%at southern(21°N–23°N)to 19.87% in Bohai Bay(37°N–39°N)along latitude gradient.There was a significant difference in expansion rate vertical to shoreline in different latitude zones(P<0.01)with the largest occurring in Bohai Bay(256m/yr,37°N–39°N),and showed an decreasing tendency gradually from north to south.No significant difference and latitudinal clines in expansion rate paralleling to shoreline were observed.Expansion rate had significant negative correlation with mean seawater temperature,the lowest seawater temperature,current zonal velocity and meridional velocity and presented a reducing trend as these biotic factors increased;however,they were not significantly correlated with the highest seawater temperature and mean seawater salinity.We identified significant correlations between expansion rate and annual mean temperature,the lowest temperature in January and annual precipitation,but there was little correlation with annual diurnal difference in temperature and the highest temperature in July.The rapid expansion rate in high-latitude China demonstrated a higher risk of potential invasion in the north;dynamic monitoring and control management should be established as soon as possible.     

浅谈高分辨率卫星影像数据在城市污水行业的应用

随着遥感技术的发展和卫星影像分辨率的不断提高,高分辨率卫星影像广泛应用于各个行业。本文介绍了对卫星影像进行DOM(数字正射影像)制作、河涌排放口定位、污水等级监督分类及变化监测等在城市污水行业中的应用。     

基于车载LiDAR点云的地物分类方法的研究

基于点云分类常用的近邻聚类法和物体表面分割等方法,本文提出了一种基于最大网格密度的近邻聚类的方法。该方法首先对原始点云进行低点提取,设置格网的大小,在此基础上对点云数据进行去噪并进行主成分分析,再对点云空间进行均匀格网化,使具有最大密度的格网为聚类中心,加入高程、强度以及法向量等特征对分割后的点云实现了不同地物的分类,提高了运算效率,降低了错分率。     

基于排水管网GIS系统开展修补测提高数据现势性

排水管网属于地下隐蔽设施,具有变化慢、变化隐蔽两大特点,因此其空间数据主体相对稳定,而改造节点、更新数据困难。本文通过排水管网GIS系统收集管网管理一线工作人员存在的数据问题,针对这些问题进行修补测及成果确认,从而快速修复管线,完善排水管网数据库,提高数据现势性。     

丹江口水库面积季节变化遥感监测

基于2014年2月19日、2014年6月7日和2014年10月8日的三景资源三号卫星影像分别作为春季、夏季和秋季的代表,以河南省内的丹江口水库为研究区域,采用面向对象的遥感影像监督分类方法进行影像的分割和分类,提取出遥感影像中的水体,并结合南水北调中线工程对水域面积和周围地物的影响对这3个时期的影像进行比较和分析,得出这3个时期水域面积的变化数据。     

BCC二代气候系统模式的季节预测评估和可预报性分析

本文利用国家气候中心（BCC）第二代季节预测模式系统历史回报数据,从确定性预报和概率预报两个方面系统地评估了该模式对气温、降水和大气环流的季节预报性能,并与BCC一代气候预测模式的结果进行了对比,重点分析了二代模式的季节可预报性问题。结果显示,BCC二代模式对全球气温、降水和环流的预报性能整体上优于一代模式,特别在热带中东太平洋、印度洋和海洋大陆地区的温度和降水的预报效果改进尤为明显。这些热带地区降水预报的改进,可以通过激发太平洋—北美型（PNA）、东亚—太平洋型（EAP）等遥相关波列提升该模式在中高纬地区的季节预报技巧。分析表明,厄尔尼诺和南方涛动（ENSO）信号在热带和热带外地区均是模式季节可预报性的重要来源,BCC二代模式能够较好把握全球大气环流对ENSO信号的响应特征,从而通过对ENSO预报技巧的改进有效地提升了模式整体的预报性能。从概率预报来看,BCC二代模式对我国冬季气温和夏季降水具备一定的预报能力,特别是对我国东部大部分地区冬季气温正异常和负异常事件预报的可靠性和辨析度相对较高。因此,进一步提高模式对热带大尺度异常信号和大气主要模态的预报能力、加强概率预报产品释用对提高季节气候预测水平具有重要意义。