贵州省都匀市滑坡易发性评价研究

都匀市是贵州省城镇滑坡地质灾害多发频发区。文章以都匀市沙包堡镇为研究区,采用栅格单元提取高程、坡度、岩性、水系等9项致灾因子,分别使用都基于数学统计模型的定量分析方法（二元逻辑回归模型、信息量模型）和定性分析方法（层次分析模型）对都匀市研究区滑坡地质灾害易发性进行评价。结果表明:二元逻辑回归模型预测精度与预测效果均为最优,其ROC曲线下面积AUC值为0.873,易发性分区中高易发区和中易发区内预测发生滑坡面积比占95.41%,且最符合野外实地调查验证情况。评价方法与结果可为贵州城镇地区滑坡地质灾害评价和防治提供借鉴。     

重度石漠化区不同土地利用方式下土壤养分特征

本文以云南省蒙自市西北勒乡碧色寨村石漠化土地为研究对象,基于主成分分析法（PCA）研究岩溶石漠化区不同土地利用方式下的土壤养分特征。结果表明:（1）研究区土壤各养分指标变异系数介于0.14~1.76,不同土地利用方式下,土壤养分状况有较大差异;（2）研究区土壤12项养分指标可归结为3个主成分,所提供的信息占全部信息的90.69%,其中PC1主要包含了全磷、有效磷、速效钾和有效锰,PC2主要综合了有机碳、全氮、全钙和有效锌,有效铁对PC3具有较大的贡献。（3）对不同用地类型土壤养分的主成分得分进行排序,由大到小依次为火龙果地>林地>封育草地>玉米地,表明植树造林及火龙果种植等方式能有效改善石漠化区的土壤养分状况。建议对样区的石漠化治理应以封山育土为前提,以生态恢复为目的,通过种植火龙果与修复林地改善样区土壤状况,逐步形成生态环境与社会经济协调发展的石漠化综合治理体系。      

地物化方法在航磁异常查证中的应用

航磁异常查证是矿产勘查中的一个重要环节,其目的是通过地面查证,确定异常是否存在,追踪异常源,了解异常源所处的地质环境,对异常作出客观评价,提出进一步工作的建议,为后续资料解释提供依据.通过使用地物化综合方法对黑C-2011-02243号异常查证发现：地质剖面测量和土壤地球化学测量可在地表发现较好的找矿线索;高精度磁测及激电中梯测量则反映了深部地质体及矿化特征.依据查证结果认为,在进行航磁异常查证工作时,可优先进行剖面性的地质、高精度磁法及土壤地球化学测量工作;在分析上述测量结果的基础上安排剖面性的电法测量;如存在进一步找矿信息,可安排面积性物化探测量及工程验证工作.     

Tracing submarine groundwater discharge flux in Tolo Harbor,Hong Kong (China)

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important pathway for groundwater and associated chemicals to discharge to the sea. Groundwater levels monitored along a transect perpendicular to the shoreline are used to calculate SGD flux from the nearshore aquifer to Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong (China). The calculated SGD flux—recharge/discharge measured with Darcy’s Law methods—agrees well with estimates based on geo-tracer techniques and seepage meter in Tolo Harbor during previous studies. The estimated freshwater SGD is 1.69–2.0 m²/d at the study site and 0.3?±?0.04 cm/d for the whole of Tolo Harbor, which is comparable to the river discharge (0.25?±?0.07 cm/d) and precipitation (0.45?±?0.15 cm/d). The tide-driven SGD in the intertidal zone is 13.98–17.59 m²/d at the study site and 2.42?±?0.56 cm/d for the whole of Tolo Harbor. The SGD occurring in the subtidal zone and the bottom of Tolo Harbor is 3.12?±?4.63 cm/d. Fresh SGD accounts for ~5% of the total SGD, while the rest (~95%) is contributed by saline SGD driven by various forces. About 96% of the tide-driven SGD in the intertidal zone occurs in the ebbing tide period because the head difference between the groundwater level and sea level is great during this period. Tide-driven SGD in the spring tide is ~1.2 times that during neap tide. The tidal fluctuation amplitude and tide-driven SGD in the intertidal zone are positively correlated to each other; thus, a spring neap variation of the tide-driven SGD is observed.     

Application of incomplete similarity theory to the estimation of the mean velocity of debris flows

The mean velocity of debris flow is one of the most important parameters in the design of mitigation structures and in quantitative risk analysis. This study develops a model to predict the mean debris flow velocity observed in the field by applying the incomplete similarity argument. An equation for estimating the Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient for debris flows with a volumetric sediment concentration larger than 0.19 is accordingly derived using 128 sets of observation data from nine Chinese gullies, in which both the effect of the volumetric sediment concentration and channel slope on resistance are considered. The derived equation is then verified and compared against five previously published equations by using 61 sets of published observation data from six gullies located in four countries. The applications of the proposed equation are discussed, and the improvements made using the proposed equation are clearly very significant when compared with the previously published equations.     

The influence of the Three Gorges Reservoir regulation on a typical tributary heat budget

Reservoir regulation and local climate both affect the heat budget of tributary bay. It is difficult for traditional methods to identify the influence of different factors on heat budget quantitatively. In this paper, for analysis of the control mechanisms of the heat budget of a large reservoir tributary, the water temperature distribution, and heat budget processes of the Meixi River, a typical tributary to the Three Gorges Reservoir was measured, and a new method was used to calculate the heat content composition of the tributary bay and identify the key factor of the heat balance. The result shows significant variation in the spatial and temporal distributions of water temperatures in the Meixi River, ranging from 12.4 to 28.9 °C on the surface and 12.0 to 24.4 °C at the bottom. The total heat exchange across the air–water interface that ranges from 0.1 to 6% of the budget is not the primary control factor of the annual tributary heat budget. Rather, the change in water depth produced by regulation of the Three Gorges Reservoir is the primary control factor of the tributary heat budget in the whole year, which ranges from 72 to 99% of the budget. The water temperature difference between the main stream and tributary is the not key factor of the heat budget, which ranges from 0.1 to 28% of the heat budget.     

Development and verification of the comprehensive model for physical properties of hydrate sediment

Natural gas hydrate is widely distributed all over the world and may be a potential resource in the near future, whereas hydrate dissociation during the development affects wellbore stability and drilling safety. However, the present modeling of hydrate reservoir parameters ignored the influence of effective stress and only considered the hydrate saturation. In this paper, a series of stress sensitivity experiments for the unconsolidated sandstone were carried out, and the influence of mean effective stress on physical parameters was obtained; a comprehensive model for the physical parameters of hydrate reservoir was developed subsequently. With the help of ABAQUS finite element software, the established comprehensive model was verified by the use of the wellbore stability numerical model of hydrate reservoir. The verification results show that ignoring the effect of mean effective stress on the parameters of hydrate formation aggravates the invasion of drilling fluid into the hydrate formation. Besides, ignoring the stress sensitivity of reservoir physical parameters will underestimate the wellbore instability during hydrate drilling, which will be a threat to the safety of gas hydrate drilling. At the end of the drilling operation, the maximum plastic strain of the model for considering and not considering stress sensitivity was 0.0145 and 0.0138, respectively. Therefore, the established comprehensive model will provide a theoretical support for accurately predicting the engineering geological disasters in hydrate development process.     

Effects of vegetation restoration on soil physical properties of abandoned farmland on the Loess Plateau,China

To improve the ecological environment in China, the Chinese government implemented a country-wide ecological protection and reforestation project (namely the “Grain for Green Project”) in 1999 to return cultivated land with slopes of 25° or more to perennial vegetation. Vegetation restoration reduces soil erosion mainly by changing the soil physical properties. Different vegetation restoration methods might produce different impacts on soil physical properties. In this study, two vegetation restoration methods (i.e., natural restoration and artificial restoration) were compared on abandoned farmland in the typically hilly and gullied areas of the Loess Plateau of Northwest China. In the natural restoration method, the farmland was abandoned to natural vegetation succession without irrigation, fertilization or other artificial disturbances. In the artificial restoration method, the farmland was planted with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and watered and cultivated for the first two years. Three soil physical properties (i.e., soil moisture, bulk density and aggregation) were investigated under the two vegetation restoration methods. The results showed that the soil moisture and soil bulk density were higher under artificial restoration than under natural restoration within the first three years of vegetation restoration. By the fourth year, the soil moisture and soil bulk density were higher under natural restoration than under artificial restoration. For the stability of soil aggregates?>?0.25 mm, the soil aggregates in the 0-20 cm soil layer were more stable under artificial restoration than under natural restoration, while the results were the opposite for the 40-60 cm soil layer. Overall, the soil physical properties were continuously improved during the restoration of vegetation on abandoned farmland. In choosing between vegetation restoration methods, natural restoration is preferable to artificial restoration, but artificial intervention is needed during the first three years.     

内蒙古狼山巴音前达门地区黑云斜长片麻岩年代学研究及板块归属

内蒙古西部狼山地区的构造归属争议较大,一直以来没有直接证据证明狼山地区属于华北陆块。本文对内蒙古狼山巴音前达门地区(含石榴子石)黑云斜长片麻岩进行了年代学研究,利用LA- ICP- MS方法进行U- Pb同位素测年,所测试锆石均为岩浆锆石,锆石年龄为1946±9 Ma和1940±12 Ma,代表其原岩的形成年龄,说明狼山地区存在古元古代晚期岩浆作用。从锆石Hf同位素来看,εHf(t) 从-1.3~6.4,其Hf同位素源区既有当时华北克拉通基底物质,又有地幔的贡献,2442Ma的模式年龄指示源岩来源于早元古代地壳增生事件,可能与华北克拉通基底的形成有关。这进一步表明狼山地区同华北陆块中部地区一样,该地区存在有早元古代岩体。对宝音图群碎屑锆石的研究同样说明了狼山地区宝音图群与华北克拉通更具亲缘性,狼山地区在构造属性上可能属于华北陆块一部分。     

北淮阳东段卢镇关群和佛子岭群地层含矿性地球化学评价

卢镇关群和佛子岭群广泛分布于北淮阳成矿带内,但是对其含矿性研究一直较为薄弱。文章通过对卢镇关群和佛子岭群成矿元素的地球化学特征研究,评价地层含矿性。成矿元素富集系数(K)分析表明卢镇关群和佛子岭群各组中Mo元素均富集,W、Pb、Ag、Cu元素也存在不同程度的富集,存在潜在成矿可能;成矿元素后期叠加强度(D)分析表明本区的Mo、Ag、Cu等元素存在不同程度的后期叠加作用;成矿元素变异系数(CV)分析表明本区成矿元素具有一定的成矿潜力。对卢镇关群和佛子岭群成矿能力评序得出最优势矿种为Mo元素,并且卢镇关群和佛子岭群是北淮阳钼矿的理想矿源层,为区内钼矿提供了成矿物质。成矿元素与主微量元素的相关性分析表明Cu、W、Ag、Pb、Zn等元素受碎屑岩特征和氧化还原环境控制。