土木工程结构鲁棒控制的发展

评述了结构控制的发展,指出发展结构鲁棒控制策略的重要性。重点评述了结构双重调谐质量阻尼器(DTMD)和多重双重调谐质量阻尼器(MDTMD)的控制策略,提出了需进一步发展主动双重调谐质量阻尼器(ADTMD)和主动多重双重调谐质量阻尼器(AMDTMD)控制策略、此外,评述了结构鲁棒控制的设计准则与高层建筑和大跨桥梁在风与地震作用下的统一自适应主动鲁棒控制策略。     

青藏高原全新世降水序列的集成重建

青藏高原全新世降水变化对于过去全球变化研究有重要意义。在过去全球变化研究中, 大尺度区域降水序列重建缺乏可行、有效的方法, 本文以青藏高原作为研究区, 构建了分区古降水空间模拟－多区面积加权的集成方法, 重建全新世青藏高原降水序列。本研究以孢粉为环境证据, 选取有空间代表性的10 条由孢粉重建的高原样点降水序列, 获得716 条具有年代的定量降水记录, 建立全新世古降水记录数据集。借助GIS分析, 基于现代高原降水空间分布的地理因子模拟, 并与古降水记录相集成, 定量重建了高原全新世200 年分辨率的降水序列。结果显示:早全新世高原降水迅速增多, 并在9.0 kaBP达到极大值500 mm, 较现代高170 mm;9.0~5.6 kaBP是旺盛的湿润期, 降水总体比现代高出80 mm, 但呈现明显的下降趋势;5.6 kaBP以来降水减少, 降水与现代相当, 但波动幅度较小;集成序列与其他高低分辨率环境记录有很好的可比性, 说明集成序列有很好的代表性和一定的准确性。     

Temporal–spatial variability of atmospheric and hydrological natural disasters during recent 500 years in Inner Mongolia,China

Natural Hazards - Inner Mongolia, located in the northern China, is a natural disaster-prone region. This study is dedicated to making a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the...     

Effects of RapidEye imagery’s red-edge band and vegetation indices on land cover classification in an arid region

Land cover classification (LCC) in arid regions is of great significance to the assessment, prediction, and management of land desertification. Some studies have shown that the red-edge band of RapidEye images was effective for vegetation identification and could improve LCC accuracy. However, there has been no investigation of the effects of RapidEye images’ red-edge band and vegetation indices on LCC in arid regions where there are spectrally similar land covers mixed with very high or low vegetation coverage information and bare land. This study focused on a typical inland arid desert region located in Dunhuang Basin of northwestern China. First, five feature sets including or excluding the red-edge band and vegetation indices were constructed. Then, a land cover classification system involving plant communities was developed. Finally, random forest algorithm-based models with different feature sets were utilized for LCC. The conclusions drawn were as follows: 1) the red-edge band showed slight contribution to LCC accuracy; 2) vegetation indices had a significant positive effect on LCC; 3) simultaneous addition of the red-edge band and vegetation indices achieved a significant overall accuracy improvement (3.46% from 86.67%). In general, vegetation indices had larger effect than the red-edge band, and simultaneous addition of them significantly increased the accuracy of LCC in arid regions.     

岩溶地区飞机草化学防治研究

在飞机草(EupatoriumodoratumL.)入侵严重的岩溶区,用样方法进行百草枯(paraquat)、草甘膦(glyphosate)及草甘膦与2,4-D的混合药剂防治野外飞机草试验,每种药剂分别设0.25%、0.5%和1%三个浓度。结果表明:施药5天后,各浓度百草枯处理的飞机草植株全部干枯;高浓度的草甘膦及高、中浓度的草甘膦+2,4-D处理下,飞机草植株2/3的叶干枯,茎半干枯。施药30天后,低浓度百草枯处理的飞机草的死亡率为77%,高浓度处理下的达100%,各处理的新生苗密度极显著小于对照;低浓度草甘膦和草甘膦+2,4-D处理的飞机草死亡率均为33%,高浓度处理的约为50%,各浓度处理下新生苗密度与对照均无显著差异。由此可见:(1)各浓度处理下百草枯的药效高于草甘膦和草甘膦+2,4-D的药效,对土壤中飞机草种子萌发具明显影响,宜用在飞机草单优势群落中。(2)较高浓度的草甘膦和草甘膦+2,4-D可防除大部分飞机草,对土壤中种子影响小,可考虑使用在飞机草为伴生植物的耕地、果园等生境中。      

考虑湿化效应的堆石料Gudehus-Bauer 亚塑性模型应用研究

在扼要分析堆石料主要力学特性的基础上,在亚塑性理论框架内,采用扩展的Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性模型对堆石料因含水率发生变化引起的湿化行为进行建模预测。扩展模型除能考虑含水率对颗粒硬度的影响外,还能反映土体密实度、应力状态和含水率等对堆石料非线性和非弹性变形的影响。将该模型应用于心墙坝初次蓄水时应力变形的亚塑性计算分析中。结果表明,扩展模型能较合理地反映心墙堆石坝的湿化变形规律。     

基于判断矩阵的观测量粗差发现和定位相关性分析

用布尔矩阵分析、研究判断矩阵,得到观测量粗差发现和定位的相关数以及测量系统的最大可发现粗差和定位粗差数的计算公式.试验证明,当粗差发现和定位相互影响的观测量同时含有粗差时,现行的迭代数据探测法和选权迭代法不可能完全正确定位粗差.通过算例验证了使用布尔矩阵和判断矩阵分析多维粗差发现和定位相关性的有效性和优越性.     

Molar‐Tooth Structure from the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation in Lingyuan,Yanshan Region,North China,and Geological Implications

Although its origin has not yet reached a consensus so far, MTS (Molar-Tooth Structure) has been documented for more than 100 years. Current study reports a discovery of MTS from the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation, Lingyuan, Yanshan Region, North China, and the features and geological implications of MTS are further discussed. Here, straitigraphic horizons of MTS’s occurrences show that it was mainly located within the top part of the Wumishan Formation, i.e., limestone unit. Four kinds of morphology of MTS, i.e., fine fusiform, debris, ribbon, ptigmatic and nodular (irregular), were recognized and thought to be highly related to the sedimentary environments and facies. Geochemistry of MTS including oxides, trace elements and C, O and Sr isotopes indicates that the horizons of MTS-bearing is of higher Sr/Ba and Ca/Mg ratios, lower positive δ13C and highly negative δ18O values than the adjacent stratigraphic levels of rare MTS. Lithology, morphology and geochemistry of MTS in the Wumishan Formation suggest that MTS occurs mainly in shallow subtidal near the storm wave base, which is typically characterized by warm temperature, oversaturated calcium carbonate seawater and high organic productivity. Furthermore, occasional enrichment of algae bacteria here is more favorable for the calcification of calcium oozes and catalytic for MTS. C isotope composition of the Wumishan Formation and MTS of this study is well correlated with that of the Mesoproterozoic Belt Supergroup, North America and Riphean, Siberia, suggesting that MTS acts as a sedimentary record responding to global changes and is a perfect indicator in Precambrian stratigraphic correlation worldwide.     

澜沧江-湄公河干流底沙重金属含量空间变化及污染评价

国际河流澜沧江-湄公河流域资源开发引起的水文情势、泥沙和水环境变化一直是国际社会关注的重点.本研究选取了该河干流境内外8个关键河段的底沙进行采样,并进行5种重金属元素(锌Zn、铅Pb、铜Cu、铬Cr、砷As)含量实验测试,分析了该河干流底沙重金属含量空间变化.运用沉积学原理,应用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评价了澜沧江-湄公河流域干流底沙重金属污染的情况.结果显示:1.在澜沧江-湄公河流域干流底沙重金属元素中Zn、Pb、As在上游中国境内澜沧江底沙中的含量平均值分别为91.43 mg/kg、41.85 mg/kg、21.84 mg/kg,均大于其在下游境外湄公河底沙中平均含量,其平均含量分别为68.17 mg/kg、28.22 mg/kg、14.97mg/kg;Cr在境外湄公河底沙中含量的平均值为418.86mg/kg,大于境内上游澜沧江底沙中的平均含量42.19 mg/kg,且主要集中在琅勃拉邦和巴色采样点,其含量分别为762.93 mg/kg、422.9 mg/kg;Cu除在戛旧和界碑含量较小分别为11.7 mg/kg、7 mg/kg外,在上下游其他采样点的含量分布变化不明显.2.地积累指数法评价结果表明干流底沙重金属在上游中国境内Zn、Pb、As有污染,其中Pb、As的污染较Zn严重.在下游中国境外Cr污染较严重,其污染主要集中在琅勃拉邦和巴色两个采样点,As在巴色采样点也出现了轻微污染.3.潜在生态危害指数法评结果表明干流底沙重金属元素单一潜在生态危害系数和多种重金属潜在生态危害指数均较小,各采样点重金属潜在生态危害程度均属于轻微污染.由此可见澜沧江-湄公河境内局部河段因地球化学背景或矿产开采致使的水体和底沙重金属污染,沿程经水体稀释和水库淤积后,尚未出现污染的跨境迁移现象.本研究能在一定程度上填补澜沧江-湄公河流域在干流上对重金属污染研究的空缺,为澜沧江流域资源开发的评价影响提供理论依据.     

五元体系NaCl+KCl+MgCl2+SrCl2+H2O(NaCl饱和)在288 K时相平衡研究

合理开发利用四川盆地地下卤水资源,对卤水体系开展多温相平衡与相图的研究具有重要意义。本文通过等温溶解平衡法对在288 K时五元体系NaCl+KCl+MgCl₂₊SrCl₂₊H₂O(NaCl饱和)进行了相平衡实验研究,运用化学分析法以及X-ray粉晶衍射法分别确定了在288 K温度条件下该体系的平衡液相和平衡固相组成。通过固液相平衡实验数据,绘制了该五元体系以NaCl为饱和区域的干盐相图、水含量图以及氯化钠含量变化图。研究结果表明在288 K且NaCl饱和条件下,该五元体系干盐相图含有2个五元共饱和点、5条等温溶解度曲线和4个固相结晶区(KCl、MgCl₂·6H₂O、KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O和SrCl₂·6H₂O)。固相结晶区KCl在该干盐相图中面积最大,其次是SrCl₂·6H₂O,而MgCl₂·6H₂O的结晶区面积最小,说明KCl在饱和溶液中的溶解度较小,易析出而得到分离,而MgCl₂的溶解度最大,难以从饱和溶液中结晶析出,且MgCl₂·6H₂O对KCl和SrCl₂·6H₂O有强烈盐析作用。通过对本体系热力学相平衡实验研究和多温相平衡的对比讨论,揭示了钾锶镁等含氯化物卤水体系在多温相平衡与相图条件下的结晶析盐规律,为液态矿产资源开发利用提供理论指导。