基于SPEIbase v.2.6数据集的内蒙古旱灾危险性评价

为明确内蒙古地区不同时间尺度旱灾危险性分布特征,选取内蒙古地区1949—2018年SPEIbase v.2.6数据集,利用Theil-Sen趋势分析和Mann-Kendall检验法分析气象干旱时空演变特征,并基于干旱多年平均强度与加权综合评价模型,对研究区年、季节尺度的旱灾危险性进行了评价。结果表明：无论是年际变化还是在空间上,内蒙古年尺度和春、夏、秋3个季节尺度的气候整体呈显著干旱趋势;研究区以中等及以上等级的年尺度旱灾危险性为主,占总面积的71%。其中,高、极高危险性区域主要位于呼伦贝尔市和锡林郭勒盟东部;在春、夏两季,内蒙古干旱灾害危险性空间分布呈“北高南低”,高等级的危险性主要位于锡林郭勒草原和地处干旱区的阿拉善盟;秋、冬两季的高等级危险性区域显著减少,尤其是冬季,以东北地区的低、极低危险性为主要特征,与其干旱趋势变化特征较为一致。研究结果可为内蒙古地区干旱灾害风险管理提供参考依据。     

蒙古国乌兰铅锌矿地质特征、岩石地球化学特征及U-Pb年龄

蒙古国乌兰铅锌矿与查夫、甲乌拉、查干不拉根铅锌矿共同构成了中蒙克鲁伦—满洲里成矿带铅锌矿矿集区。本文从含矿地层、控矿构造、赋矿岩脉、围岩蚀变特征、矿体特征等方面对该矿床地质特征展开阐述。样品岩石地球化学特征研究结果表明:乌兰铅锌矿容矿围岩为一套中-高硅、中铝、高钾钙碱性火山岩;样品稀土元素总量(∑REE)为412.25×10~(-6)~999.06×10~(-6),轻重稀土元素分馏明显((La/Yb)_N=4.41~43.10),呈现轻稀土(LREE)富集的右倾趋势,负Eu异常明显(δEu=0.56~0.88);普遍富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Ba、Rb、Ce,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Th及Zr,明显亏损Li、Sr、Y等元素。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素分析结果表明,围岩成岩时代为晚侏罗世((150.8±4.4)Ma~(164.7±3.1)Ma)。初步限定乌兰铅锌矿形成于140~155 Ma期间外贝加尔一大兴安岭转换挤压弧形成之后的裂谷环境,成因类型为受爆破角砾岩控制的浅成热液脉型铅锌矿床。     

Origin of the Zedang and Luobusa Ophiolites,Tibet

The Zedang and Luobusa ophiolites are located in the eastern section of the Yalung Zangbo ophiolite belt,and they share similar geological tectonic setting and age.Thus,an understanding of their origins is very important for discussion of the evolution of the Eastern Tethys Ocean.There is no complete ophiolite assemblage in the Zedang ophiolite.The Zedang ophiolite is mainly composed of mantle peridotite and a suite of volcanic rocks as well as siliceous rocks,with some blocks of olivinepyroxenite.The mantle peridotite mainly consists of Cpx-harzburgite,harzburgite,some lherzolite,and some dunite.A suite of volcanic rocks is mainly composed of caic-aikaline pyroclastic rocks and secondly of tholeiitic pillow lavas,basaltic andesites,and some boninitic rocks with a lower TiO2 content （TiO2 ＜ 0.6％）.The pyroclastic rocks have a LREE-enriched REE pattern and a LILE-enriched （compared to HFSE） spider diagram,demonstrating an island-arc origin.The tholeiitic volcanic rock has a LREE-depleted REE pattern and a LILE-depleted （compared to HFSE） spider diagram,indicative of an origin from MORB.The boninitic rock was generated from fore-arc extension.The Luobusa ophiolite consists of mantle peridotite and mafic-ultramaflc cumulate units,without dike swarms and volcanic rocks.The mantle peridotite mainly consists of dunite,harzburgite with low-Opx （Opx ＜ 25％）,and harzburgite （Opx ＞ 25％）,which can be divided into two facies belts.The upper is a dunite-harzburgite （Opx ＜ 25％） belt,containing many dunite lenses and a large-scale chromite deposit with high Cr203; the lower is a harzburgite （Opx ＞25％） belt with small amounts of dunite and lherzolite.The Luobusa mantle peridotite exhibits a distinctive vertical zonation of partial melting with high melting in the upper unit and low melting in the lower.Many mantle peridotites are highly depleted,with a characteristic U-shaped REE pattern peculiar to fore-arc peridotite.The Luobusa cumulates are composed of wehrlite and olivine-pyroxenite,of the P-P-G ophiolite series.This study indicates that the Luobusa ophiolite was formed in a fore-arc basin environment on the basis of the occurrence of highly depleted mantle peridotite,a high-Cr2O3 chromite deposit,and cumulates of the P-P-G ophiolite series.We conclude that the evolution of the Eastern Tethys Ocean involved three stages：the initial ocean stage （formation of MORB volcanic rock and dikes）,the forearc extension stage （formation of high-Cr203 chromite deposits and P-P-G cumulates）,and the islandarc stage （formation of caic-alkaline pyroclastic rocks）.     

Morphological Characteristics of Sand Waves in the Middle Taiwan Shoal Based on Multi-beam Data Analysis

A DTM map of the study area in the Taiwan Shoal was drawn based on precise and high- density data acquired in a field survey by a multi-beam sounding system （R2Sonic2024）. We identified sand waves in the study area at water depths of 13.89-49.12 m; the main sand waves had heights of 5- 25 m, lengths of 0.1-2.0 km, and crest lines 0.1-6.5 km long. The spatial distribution of the sand waves on the seabed is dense in the north and sparse in the south and the directions range between 50°-80° and 90°-135°. Between the main sand waves, secondary sand waves develop with heights of 0.1-5.0 m and lengths of 10-100 m, which are difficult to detect by satellite remote sensing. By comparing the evolution structures of the secondary and main sand waves, we identified three evolution modes of the secondary sand waves： parallel, oblique, and divergent modes according to the relative crest directions. Suitable water depth, reciprocating current speeds between 40 and 100 cm/s, and abundant sediment supply create favorable conditions for the formation of linear sand waves. Comparing the DTM maps and profiles of the June 2012 and June 2013 surveys of the same area, we found that the shape and morphology of the sand waves remained mostly unchanged under normal hydrodynamic conditions.     

黑方台马兰黄土固结条件下孔隙变化特征

甘肃临夏地区的黑方台由于长期的农业灌溉导致台缘滑坡频发,整个台面普遍下沉3m以上。文章通过原状黄土的增湿固结实验、压汞试验和环境扫描电镜等对黑方台顶部和底部的原状黄土进行孔隙特征的分析。黑方台顶部黄土颗粒排列极为疏松、孔隙较大、黏土含量较低。底部黄土排列较为紧密,具有一定的孔隙,黏土含量较高。顶部黄土在固结实验中,21%含水量的黄土发生孔隙比突降,黄土的微观结构强度此时迅速减小或丧失。然而底部黄土没有发生明显的突变,水敏性不强。利用压汞试验确定了黑方台顶部黄土的孔隙主要压缩区间为孔径大于100m、孔径5～20m之间; 底部黄土的孔隙主要压缩区间为孔径大于100m、孔径1～10m之间。而且孔径小于0.1m的孔隙随含水量的升高具有增加的趋势。     

遥感在辽宁丹东地区1∶5万区域地质调查中的应用

通过对丹东地区1∶5万黄、白旗幅测区的遥感影像特征研究,结合地面调查进行综合分析和解译,对测区地层、侵入岩、变质岩、线性构造的遥感影像特征和解译效果进行了系统总结.发现可解译地质体和地质现象,解译效果较好,解译正确率达70%以上.归纳出一套行之有效的工作方法,证实遥感在区调工作中具有不可取代的作用和良好的应用价值.     

东北稳定参考框架NEChina20

选用中国地壳运动观测网络（CMONOC）在东北地区2012~2019年的GNSS观测数据,建立东北稳定参考框架（NEChina20）,实现由全球参考框架IGS14到NEChina20的位置坐标转换。NEChina20与全球参考框架IGS14保持坐标系缩放比例一致,两者在历元2020.0对齐。NEChina20的精度（稳定性）在水平方向约为0.5 mm/a, 在垂直方向 约为0.6 mm/a。参考框架的稳定性随时间的推移和覆盖面积的增加而退化,建议NEChina20 的适用范围在时间上限于从2005~2025年约20 a的时间窗口,在空间上限于东北地块及南端的河套断陷带和张家口-渤海断裂带。选用东北地区4个基岩站2000~2019年的GNSS连续观测数据,建立东北地区季节性地面升降模型。NEChina20与该季节性模型相结合,为在东北地区开展长期的、高精度的变形观测构建了基础设施。     

九江庐山地区地下水水文地球化学特征及成因

分析九江环庐山地区观测井水、大气降水、冷泉水、地热温泉水及地表水水样的常量化学组分和氢氧同位素及氚活度,结果表明,庐山地区地下水主要分为西北、东南两个水文地质单元,西北侧以九江台2号井井水、东林寺泉水为代表,水化类型为HCO3-Ca;东南侧以地热温泉井水、观音桥泉水为代表,水化类型为HCO3-Na,离子组分主要来自风化壳岩石风化。氢氧同位素显示,九江庐山地区地下水均属于降水成因型,部分井泉具有深循环的特征;氯离子估算结果显示,大气降水直接补给率约为4.5%~33.27%。大气降水下渗补给形成裂隙承压自流井泉是庐山地区地下水主要成因,另有部分为降水经长时间深循环形成地热温泉水,而九江台2号井既有浅表水特征又有深循环水的特征,暗示两个不同补给源的含水层通过不同循环路径上升到浅表地层,携带有部分深部构造活动信息,有利于获取地震前兆异常信息。     

SEDEX型矿床地质地球化学特征及研究趋势

沉积喷流型矿床(SEDEX)是很重要的一类矿床,在世界范围内广泛分布,是Zn和Pb的重要来源,分别超过世界储量的50%和60%。笔者通过参阅前人研究成果以及相关文献,概述了沉积喷流矿床的构造背景、地质及地球化学特征、成矿模式以及勘探进展、找矿特征等,并列举出关于SEDEX矿床今后研究的几个方向。     

湘西北下寒武统黑色岩系中的沉积型钒矿

湖南西部寒武系下统牛蹄塘组底部的含碳硅磷质黑色岩系主要由黑色碳质页岩组成,富集了多种有色金属、贵金属、稀有金属和稀土元素,是我国新类型的有色金属、贵金属的矿产资源和后备矿产资源,其中尤以钒的资源量最丰富,是湘西地区继锰和汞铅锌矿之后,又一最具优势和开发前景的矿产资源。研究表明,黑色岩系形成于扬子准地台东南缘之深水斜坡的缺氧环境,有机质含量高是其重要特点,钒在有机质中优先被结合。沉积环境的改变导致成矿作用的发生,生物地球化学作用是钒矿成矿的主导作用。矿床属于化学和生物地球化学沉积型钒矿。