Experimental Application of Intelligent Robot Technology in Antarctic Scientific Expedition

Intelligent robot technology has great potential for application in polar scientific expedition. During the 24th Chinese Antarctic Expedition in the summer of 2007/08, our ice-snow surface mobile and the low-flying robots were successfully employed for the first time in the Antarctic. This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the intelligent robot technology developed abroad and used in the Antarctic, then focuses on the ice-snow surface mobile and the low-flying robots developed by China as well as their field trials in the Antarctic. Moreover, the authors have considered the potential demand for the intelligent robot technology in China's Antarctic scientific expedition, in the hope of providing some reference for the future development of robot technologies.     

电磁感应技术在波罗的海海冰厚度探测中的应用研究

海冰作为冰雪圈的重要组成部分,对气候变化十分敏感,海冰物理过程研究需要得到精确的海冰厚度。本文介绍一种能够高效探测海冰厚度的电磁感应方法及其在波罗的海(Baltic Sea)的成功应用。该技术方法针对海冰和海水的电特性,利用电磁感应原理精确探测仪器至冰水交界面的距离,以实现海冰厚度的测定。通过电磁感应(EM)仪直接观测的视电导率与同点位钻孔测量数据对比分析,获得视电导率与海冰厚度的转换关系式,并对通过该关系式计算出的海冰厚度进行验证,表明电磁感应技术能够获得可靠的海冰厚度数据,平均相对误差仅为12%。对波西尼亚海湾(Bothnian Bay)海冰厚度探测剖面的统计结果表明,2007年春季该区域平整冰厚度范围在0.4-0.6m之间。     

最小二乘Kirchhoff射线束叠前时间偏移

最小二乘偏移可以消除非规则采集、带限子波等因素对偏移结果的不利影响,提高成像剖面的分辨率和照明度,但巨大的计算成本严重制约了该方法的应用前景.本文基于地震数据的局部平面波合成/分解策略,对传统Kirchhoff时间正演/偏移的计算过程进行改进,发展了一种快速的最小二乘Kirchhoff射线束叠前时间偏移方法.同需要逐道数据映射运算的常规最小二乘Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移相比,本文方法不但具备相当的成像精度和反演收敛速度,同时由于数据的正/反向映射运算只需在稀疏的射线束中心位置进行,因此计算效率得到了大幅度的提升.文中给出的模型和实际数据算例证明了本方法的正确性和有效性.     

Sea ice thickness measurement in spring season in Bothnian Bay using an electromagnetic induction instrument

As an important component of the cryosphere,sea ice is very sensitive to the climate change.The study of the sea ice physics needs accurate sea ice thickness.This paper presents an electromagnetic-induction(EM) technique which can be used to measure the sea ice thickness distribution efficiently,and the successful application in Bothnian Bay.Based on the electromagnetic field theory and the electrical properties of sea ice and seawater,EM technique can detect the distance between the instrument and the ice/water interface accurately,than the sea ice thickness is obtained.Contrastive analysis of the apparent conductivity data obtained by EM and the value of drill-hole at same positions allows a construction of a transformable formula of the apparent conductivity to sea ice thickness.The verification of the sea ice thickness calculated by this formula indicates that EM technique is able to get reliable sea ice thickness with average relative error of only 12%.The statistic of all ice thickness profiles shows that the level ice distribution in Bothnian Bay was 0.4-0.6 m.     

电磁感应技术在南极海冰厚度探测中的应用

介绍一种能够高效探测海冰厚度的电磁感应方法及其在南极考察中的应用。该技术方法针对海冰和海水的电特性,利用电磁场原理精确探测仪器至冰水交界面的距离,以实现海冰厚度的测定。通过电磁感应(EM)仪观测的视电导率与同点位钻孔测量数据对比分析,获得视电导率与海冰厚度的换算关系式,通过对用该关系式计算出的海冰厚度进行验证,表明电磁感应技术能够获得可靠的海冰厚度数据。对探测剖面的海冰厚度统计表明,2005—2006年夏季南极内拉峡湾内海冰以平整冰为主,其厚度为0.8~1.4 m。     

智能机器人技术在南极科学考察事业中的试验应用

智能机器人技术在极地科学考察事业中有着广阔的应用前景。2007／2008年度第24次南极科学考察中,我国开发的冰雪面移动和低空飞行机器人在南极成功实现了首次应用。扼要介绍国外开发的应用于南极的智能机器人技术,重点介绍我国开发的冰雪面移动和低空飞行机器人及其在南极现场的试验应用情况。此外,作者思考了我国南极考察事业对智能机器人技术的一些潜在需求,以期能对未来的机器人技术开发提供参考。     

东南极伊丽莎白公主地首次旋翼无人机航磁系统应用试验

随着旋翼无人机航磁测量技术快速发展,其便携性、安全性、造价低廉、无起飞限制等特点,使其在不同地质条件下广泛应用.南极作为地球物理调查的热点地区,由于南极气候条件恶劣,地形复杂,无人机航磁系统将是该地区磁数据采集的更优选择.首次将旋翼无人机航磁勘探技术应用到伊丽莎白公主地的磁法测量,所取得结果与以往有人机磁法测量结果一致,表明旋翼无人机航磁系统可有效在该地区开展采集工作,为下一步全域大比例尺磁法数据的采集奠定了良好的基础.     

东南极冰盖泰山站雪层垂直温度分布特征研究

准确可靠的冰盖浅层冰雪温度是数值模式中评估极地冰盖物质平衡和能量平衡的重要因子。基于中国第32次南极科学考察在泰山站附近布放的综合监测站浅层10 m温度链观测数据,首次获得了泰山站雪层的高精度积雪温度垂直廓线,并探讨了表层积雪温度的日变化、月变化和季节变化特征。结果表明,冰盖雪层温度存在随深度传导的特点:雪层温度波动振幅随深度衰减,波动相位随深度滞后,波动曲线的波峰和波谷由表层向下传导至10 m深度均需100多天。泰山站冰盖表层积雪温度存在显著季节差异,冬季与夏季、春季与秋季的温度垂直轮廓线均相反但不完全对称,夏季表层的温度变化幅度要大于冬季的温度变化幅度,而秋季表层的温度变化幅度也高于春季的温度变化幅度,这与短波辐射的加热作用和季节波动的位相滞后存在密切的联系。     

Sea ice thickness measurement in spring season in Bothnian Bay using an electromagnetic induction instrument

As an important component of the cryosphere,sea ice is very sensitive to the climate change.The study of the sea ice physics needs accurate sea ice thickness.This paper presents an electromagnetic-induction(EM) technique which can be used to measure the sea ice thickness distribution efficiently,and the successful application in Bothnian Bay.Based on the electromagnetic field theory and the electrical properties of sea ice and seawater,EM technique can detect the distance between the instrument and the ice/water interface accurately,than the sea ice thickness is obtained.Contrastive analysis of the apparent conductivity data obtained by EM and the value of drill-hole at same positions allows a construction of a transformable formula of the apparent conductivity to sea ice thickness.The verification of the sea ice thickness calculated by this formula indicates that EM technique is able to get reliable sea ice thickness with average relative error of only 12%.The statistic of all ice thickness profiles shows that the level ice distribution in Bothnian Bay was 0.4-0.6 m.     

南极冰盖物质平衡与海平面变化研究新进展

本文在简要介绍冰盖物质平衡及其对海平面影响的基础上,从整体法和分量法两个方面总结了南极冰盖物质平衡研究的最新进展,并分析了影响其物质平衡的不确定因素。研究表明,整个南极冰盖物质平衡呈现负增长的趋势,其中西南极Amundsen海湾附近的冰盖物质流失最为明显。另外,南极冰盖边缘的大部分地区还呈现变薄的趋势。南极冰盖物质流失是引起海平面上升的最大潜在因素之一,其冰架的缓冲作用、冰盖的不稳定性和冰盖底部融水的作用等不确定因素对南极冰盖物质平衡具有重要的影响。未来随着观测技术和数据处理技术的不断提高,南极冰盖物质平衡的估算及其不确定因素有望得到进一步的认识,从而为预测海平面的上升范围提供更多的理论和技术支撑。