浅析中国中西部盆地煤系烃源岩成烃研究

烃源岩作为石油、天然气的母源，在油气地质研究和油气勘探中占有相当重的位置。伴随着传统生油理论“源控论”的发展，煤系烃源岩的发展也得到了广泛的关注，其研究内容也不断拓展。根据煤系烃源岩的有机质度及相关指标，指出煤系烃源岩可以成烃，只是作为未成熟－低成熟的向油气转化阶段，同时也能够在一定条件下成为工业性价值的煤系地层油气藏。中国西北部地区广泛存在煤系地层，同时也发现煤系有机质转化为烃类，对比西北部，中国中西部的含煤地层，存在构造的复杂因素，在转化过程中考虑的因素很多，因此在研究煤系地层的成烃作用时，必须慎重，结合综合指标才能判断。     

负压地层形成机制及其对油气藏的影响

具异常压力场特征的盆地在我国比较普遍，但更多的是研究超压体系，对于异常低压体系的成因与机制在国内还没有很好的解释。盆地内的广泛沉积造成的巨厚沉积地层，并在随后的地层抬升过程中造成的严重剥蚀，导致剥蚀反弹现象，从而形成负压区。由于地层的温度或其他因素的影响，也会造成局部的负压现象。根据百色盆地的负压现象，从其成因着手,分析其形成过程有其对该地区油气藏的影响。负压造成流体的局部回流，形成低压封隔窗，促使油气二次运移，从而改造油气藏的分布，形成一些与负压有关的油气藏。     

Paleo-oil-Water Contact and Present-Day Gas-Water Contact： Implication for Evolution History of Puguang Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, China

The Puguang (普光) gas field is the largest gas field found in marine carbonate in China.The Puguang gas field experienced complicated evolution history from paleo-oil pool to gas pool.The purpose of this article is to reveal the evolution history of Puguang gas field through systematic study on the relationship between paleo-oil-water contact (POWC) and present-day gas-water contact (PGWC).POWC was recognized by observing the change of relative content of residual solid bitumen in the cores,and PGWC was observed using log and drilling stem test data.Two types of relationship between POWC and PGWC were observed in the Puguang gas field:POWC is above PGWC,and POWC is below PGWC.The former is normal as oil cracking may cause gas-water contact to move downward.The latter can be interpreted by lateral gas re-migration and re-accumulation caused by changes in structural configuration.The relationship between POWC and PGWC suggests that during oil charge,the southwestern and northwestern parts of the Puguang gas field were structurally lower than the northeastern and southeastern parts.Thrusting from Xuefengshan (雪峰山) since Yanshanian movement and from Dabashan (大巴山) since Himalayan movement resulted in the relative uplift of the southwestern and northwestern parts of the Puguang structure,which significantly changed the structural configuration.Based on the paleo-structure discussed in this article,the most probable migration directions of paleo-oil were from the northwest to the southeast and from the southwest to the northeast.Consequently,the evolution history of the Puguang gas field can be divided into three stages,namely,oil charging (200-170 Ma),cracking oil to gas (155-120 Ma),and gas pool adjustment (1200-0Ma).     

Evolution of the Moxizhuang Oil Field, Central Junggar Basin, Northwest China

Current oil saturation in the Moxizhuang (莫西庄) Oil Field in central Janggar (准噶尔) basin was evaluated by logging interpretation and measured on core samples, and the paleo-oil saturation in both the pay zones and water zones was investigated by graln-containing-oil inclusion (GOI) analysis.The pay zones in this field have low oil saturation and display low resistivity and small contrast between pay zones and water zones, and are classified as low-porosity, low oil saturation, and low resistivity reservoirs. Both the current low oil-saturation pay zones and the water zones above 4 365 m have high GOI values (up to 38%), suggesting high paleo-oil saturation. The significant difference between current oil saturation from both logging interpretation and core sample measurement and paleo-oil saturation indicated by GOI analysis suggests that this low oil-saturation field evolved from a high oil-saturation pool. Lateral re-migration and spill of formally trapped oil owing to changes in structural configuration since Neogene was the most plausible mechanism for oil loss in the Moxizhuang Oil Field.The combined effects of differential accumulation in the charge phase and the differential re-migration and spill of accumulated oil in Neogene are responsible for the complicated correlation between residual oil saturation and porosity/permeability of the reservoir sandstones and the distribution of low oil-saturation pay zones and paleo-oil zones (current water zones).     

新(晚期)构造运动的物质、能量效应与油气成藏

受板块构造背景和深部过程的控制,不同盆地的新(晚期)构造运动具有不同的表现型式,包括伸展和转换-伸展背景下的快速沉降和断裂活化、挤压背景下的强烈隆升和构造掀斜等。新(晚期)构造运动对油气成藏具有强烈的物质效应(对油气成藏要素构成的改造)和能量效应(对成藏动力学环境和过程的影响)。新(晚期)构造运动对油气成藏和分布的影响取决于新(晚期)构造运动期源岩的生排烃状态、新(晚期)构造运动的动力学性质、沉降-抬升的速率、幅度和区域变化及断裂活动程度。建造期(盆地保持沉降、充填状态;源岩处于生、排烃阶段;超压的产生过程仍在进行,超压释放后可得到动态补给)的构造运动可以导致幕式快速成藏,所形成的油气藏属于阶段性充注的原生油气藏,改造期(盆地沉降、充填停止,处于抬升、剥蚀和构造变形状态;源岩生、排烃作用已终止;超压的产生过程已经终止,超压释放后不能得到补给)断裂活化型构造运动可导致已聚集油气的突发性穿层运移和跨层聚集,形成非连续充注的次生油气藏;改造期无断裂活化型构造运动特别是构造掀斜运动可以导致已聚集油气的层内调整,形成有成因联系的调整型油气藏系列。新(晚期)构造运动对油气成藏既可以具有建设性作用、也可以产生调整、改造作用甚至破坏作用。     

四川盆地震旦系灯影组不同古地理环境下丘滩储集体的差异性*

四川盆地震旦系灯影组丘滩沉积体广泛发育,具有很好的储集价值。基于露头勘查与岩心观测获取的资料,通过薄片鉴定、孔隙度、渗透率测试等方法分析丘滩储集体的储集性能。结果表明,由于震旦纪末期绵阳—长宁裂陷槽的发育影响了灯二段与灯四段碳酸盐岩台地相带展布,导致形成不同的古地理环境,目前可识别出高能环境、过渡环境、低能环境下发育的丘滩岩石类型,即以胡家坝剖面灯四段为代表的并进型丘滩多沉积高能环境岩石类型,以杨坝剖面灯二段为代表的追补型丘滩多沉积过渡环境岩石类型,以福成剖面灯四段为代表的饥饿型丘滩多沉积低能环境岩石类型。通过分析3种丘滩类型的储集空间与经历的准同生期成岩作用,并比较它们的物性特征,认为并进型丘滩体为最好的储集层。该研究成果有助于寻找优质储集层的发育位置,进而为四川盆地灯影组油气勘探提供参考。     

川东北元坝地区侏罗系陆相页岩天然裂缝发育特征及其对页岩油气富集和保存的影响

川东北元坝地区陆相页岩中天然裂缝发育,是影响页岩油气富集和保存的关键因素。本文依据岩心、镜下薄片和扫描电镜等资料研究该区侏罗系大安寨段和千佛崖组页岩层系天然裂缝的发育分布特征,探讨裂缝对页岩油气富集和保存的影响。结果表明,侏罗系页岩中主要发育构造裂缝、层理缝、穿层水力破裂缝和收缩缝,其中构造裂缝包括穿层剪切缝、顺层剪切缝和层内张开缝,层理缝是页岩中最为发育的天然裂缝,线密度介于66～357条/m之间,平均为188条/m。层理缝和收缩缝既是页岩油气的储集空间也是运移通道,改善了页岩的储集性能,有利于页岩油气的富集。构造裂缝、穿层水力破裂缝与层理缝相互连通形成的宏观裂缝网络是页岩油气排放的通道,对大安寨段页岩气的逸散影响较大,对千佛崖组页岩油的保存条件影响较小。研究成果可为四川盆地陆相页岩油气勘探开发提供基础性参考依据。     

浅析中国中西部盆地煤系烃源岩成烃研究

烃源岩作为石油、天然气的母源 ,在油气地质研究和油气勘探中占有相当重的位置。伴随着传统生油理论“源控论”的发展 ,煤系烃源岩的发展也得到广泛的关注 ,其研究内容也不断拓展。根据煤系烃源岩的有机质丰度及相关指标 ,指出煤系烃源岩可以成烃 ,只是作为未成熟—低成熟的向油气转化阶段 ,同时也能够在一定条件下成为具有工业性价值的煤系地层油气藏。中国西北部地区广泛存在煤系地层 ,同时也发现煤系有机质转化为烃类 ,对比西北部 ,中国中西部的含煤地层 ,存在构造的复杂因素 ,在转化过程中考虑的因素很多 ,因此在研究煤系地层的成烃作用时 ,必须慎重 ,结合综合指标才能判断     

川东北长兴组—飞仙关组古原油成藏的孔隙度门限

近年来,在四川盆地二叠系、三叠系海相碳酸盐岩层系中发现了如普光、龙岗、元坝等多个大中型、高孔高渗气田,且天然气主要为古油藏原油裂解气.在油源充足的条件下,孔隙度成为了控制古原油成藏的关键因素,讨论古原油充注的孔隙度门限,尤其对于致密碳酸盐岩储层是否发生古原油的聚集具有指导意义.川东北地区长兴组-飞仙关组礁滩相储层发现了大量的固体沥青,岩石薄片镜下观察到这些固体沥青主要分布于亮晶鲕粒灰岩的粒间孔隙中、结晶白云岩的晶间孔中以及残余鲕粒白云岩的铸模孔中,极少发现沥青充填之后的胶结物.本研究定量统计了沥青含量与现今面孔隙度来恢复视古孔隙度,分别讨论现今面孔隙度、视古孔隙度与沥青含量的关系,确定了视古孔隙度门限,最后经过压实作用校正得到了古原油成藏的孔隙度门限.研究结果揭示,沥青含量与现今面孔隙度无线性关系.而与视古孔隙度有着较明显的正相关关系,当视古孔隙度大于一定值时,沥青含量显著增加;川东北长兴组-飞仙关组碳酸盐岩储层古原油成藏的孔隙度门限值为6.4％～7.4％(平均6.8％).