高频声学仪器底床高度野外测量及室内验证

河口海岸地区底床的冲淤变化是沉积动力学研究主要内容之一,而野外观测是准确获得现场底床冲淤变化信息的关键。本文利用观测近底边界层三维水动力信息的声学三维多普勒流速仪（Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry,ADV）对长江口南槽底床高度变化进行了野外测量,为验证野外现场实测数据的可靠性,设计了2个室内试验,并对ADV测量底床高度的可行性进行了验证：试验一对比了人工测量的ADV换能器实际距离底床高度H与ADV自身记录的其换能器距离底床高度h,确定了ADV测量底床高度的范围;试验二利用ADV测量静置的高浊度水体,确定了含沙量对ADV测量造成影响。试验结果表明：①由ADV内部存储的vhd数据文件可以直接获取换能器距离底床的高度,但是这一测量结果存在适用范围,换能器实际距离底床高度H需要满足150 mm≤H≤370 mm;②当换能器实际距离底床高度H <150 mm时,可通过提取pck数据文件获取换能器距离底床的高度;③当换能器实际距离底床高度H>370 mm时,仪器无法获取该数值;④当水体含沙量超过14.36 kg/m³时,ADV测量同样无法获取到换能器距离底床高度信息。     

Field Observation and Analysis of Wave-Current-Sediment Movement in Caofeidian Sea Area in the Bohai Bay, China

In order to study the mechanism of flow-sediment movement, it is essential to obtain measured data of water hydrodynamic and sediment concentration process with high spatial and temporal resolution in the bottom boundary layer (BBL). Field observations were carried out in the northwest Caofeidian sea area in the Bohai Bay. Near 2 m isobath (under the lowest tidal level), a tripod system was installed with AWAC (Acoustic Wave And Current), ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers), OBS-3A (Optical Backscatter Point Sensor), ADV (Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters), etc. The accurate measurement of the bottom boundary layer during a single tidal period was carried out, together with a long-term sediment concentration measurement under different hydrological conditions. All the measured data were used to analyze the characteristics of wave-current-sediment movement and the BBL. Analysis was performed on flow structure, shear stress, roughness, eddy viscosity and other parameters of the BBL. Two major findings were made. Firstly, from the measured data, the three-layer distribution model of the velocity profiles and eddy viscosities in the wave-current BBL are proposed in the observed sea area; secondly, the sediment movement is related closely to wind-waves in the muddy coast area where sediment is clayey silt: 1) The observed suspended sediment concentration under light wind conditions is very low, with the peak value generally smaller than 0.1 kg/m3 and the average value being 0.03 kg/m3; 2) The sediment concentration increases continuously under the gales over 6-7 in Beaufort scale, under a sustained wind action. The measured peak sediment concentration at 0.4 m above the seabed is 0.15-0.32 kg/m3, and the average sediment concentration during wind-wave action is 0.08-0.18 kg/m3, which is about 3-6 times the value under light wind conditions. The critical wave height signaling remarkable changes of sediment concentration is 0.5 m. The results show that the suspended load sediment concentration is mainly influenced by wave-induced sediment suspension.     

海南新村港潟湖表层沉积物粒度特征及其沉积环境

对2013年8月在海南新村港潟湖采集的表层沉积物样品进行粒度分析,揭示了该区表层沉积物的粒度特征和沉积物类型,结合高空间分辨率的水动力和水深数据,采用系统聚类和主成分相结合的方法划分现代沉积环境。结果表明,研究区表层沉积物主要有4种类型,以粉砂和粉砂质砂为主,分别分布在潟湖中部和近岸浅水区域。沉积物平均粒径变化较大(0~8.0 Ф),均值为4.6 Ф,沉积物随水深增大而逐渐变细;沉积物粒度组分以砂(平均含量43%)和粉砂(平均含量为52%)为主,黏土含量较少,平均含量为5%。聚类结果表明,平均粒径可分为两组:第一组平均粒径均大于5.5 Ф,均值为6.8 Ф;而第二组平均粒径均小于3.5 Ф,均值为2.2 Ф。此外,平均粒径与分选、偏态和峰态系数之间呈现出两种不同的相关关系。研究区大潮和小潮期间的均方根流速(RMSV)均值是7.5和6.9 cm/s,标准偏差分别是15.3和14.9 cm/s。当RMSV大于4 cm/s,RMSV与极细砂(63~125 μm)含量呈明显的正相关关系,这表明RMSV决定了潟湖沉积物中极细砂含量。聚类和主成分分析结果表明,平均粒径、峰态和分选系数是对沉积环境最为敏感的粒度参数组合,同时结合高空间分辨率的水动力和水深数据,将研究区沉积环境划分为3类。这样划分充分考虑了水动力、物源、地形及其相互作用,更能有效地揭示沉积环境的差异,尤其体现了适宜的粒度参数组合和高空间分辨率的水动力数据在沉积环境划分中的重要性。     

珠江口最大浑浊带的形成与季节变化

应用Delft3D研究了珠江口最大浑浊带的分布以及影响因素。盐度和悬沙浓度的垂向分布揭示出最大浑浊带范围的变化。最大浑浊带在干季的悬沙浓度比湿季更大,而其中心位置与湿季相比向上游移动10 km。最大浑浊带的形成受到潮汐、径流和地形的综合影响,而沉积物的再悬浮和垂向环流为影响最大浑浊带的主要因素。     

南黄海辐射沙脊群苦水洋海域的 沉积动力特征及稳定性研究

根据2011 年7 月3 日原4 日在苦水洋海域获取的全潮水文资料和底质样品,计算潮周期水、沙输运率,分析了其沉 积动力特征。基于1979年历史海图资料与最新测量的水道地形进行对比,进一步探讨苦水洋水道的地形演变过程及稳定性。 结果表明,苦水洋潮流作用较强,水道内沉积物主要以悬移质形式输运,在近岸段沿水道向岸净输沙,但在（121.606毅E, 33.029毅N）以东以向海输运为主。近三十多年来,苦水洋西水道深槽与口门北水道逐渐贯通,水道整体趋于顺直。     

长江口南港底部边界层特征的观测与分析

对长江口2002年和2003年共4个潮周期的数据进行了分析,通过流速对数剖面公式计算边界层参数,并对各个潮周期内的边界层参数的变化规律进行了分析,同时也对悬沙输送可能对垂向水流结构以及边界层参数造成的影响进行了探讨。结果表明,悬沙的时间分布特征对温度、盐度、水体密度的分布格局有重要影响,主要表现在水体的Rf值普遍较高,分层稳定。此外,悬沙也可影响边界层参数,从而对水流结构产生影响。由于水体的层化作用,使层间的摩擦阻力增大,相当于在垂向上产生不同内边界层,因而影响了流速在垂向上的变化。