Deriving Changjiang coastal zone wind from C-band SAR and its application to salinity simulation

Wind plays an important role in hydrodynamic processes such as the expansion of Changjiang （Yangtze） River Diluted Water （CDW）, and shelf circulation in the Changjiang estuary. Thus, it is essential to include wind in the numerical simulation of these phenomena. Synthetic aperture radar （SAR） with high resolution and wide spatial coverage is valuable for measuring spatially inhomogeneous ocean surface wind fields. We have collected 87 ERS-2 SAR images with wind-induced streaks that cover the Cbangjiang coastal area, to verify and improve the validity of wind direction retrieval using the 2D fast Fourier transform method. We then used these wind directions as inputs to derive SAR wind speeds using the C-band model. To demonstrate the applicability of the algorithms, we validated the SAR-retrieved wind fields using QuikSCAT measurements and the atmospheric Weather Research Forecasting model. In general, we found good agreement between the datasets, indicating the reliability and applicability of SAR- retrieved algorithms under different atmospheric conditions. We investigated the main error sources of this process, and conducted sensitivity analyses to estimate the wind speed errors caused by the effect of speckle, uncertainties in wind direction, and inaccuracies in the normalized radar cross section. Finally, we used the SAR-retrieved wind fields to simulate the salinity distribution off the Changjiang estuary. The findings of this study will be valuable for wind resource assessment and the development of future numerical ocean models based on SAR images.     

ON LONG-WAVES BREAKING Ⅱ.IN A HALF INFINITE CHANNEL WITH BOTTOM SLOPE

The propagation of long-waves, such as tidal waves from the coastal oceam into shallow estuarine waters,often produces asymmetries of veolcity and water level in time series resulting in long-wave breaking.Tian (1994) studied the mechanism of long-wave breaking in an infinite channel with constant depth,considering nth power bottom friction. This study is for the case of a half infinite channel with bottomslope, taking linear bottom friction into account. The wave breaking time and wave breaking location areestimated and the criteria for long-wave breaking in this particular case are obtained. The results obtainedcan also be e asily applied to the case considering wind stress.     

EAST CHINA SEA RESPONSE TO TROPICAL CYCLONES

The response of the East China Sea (ECS) to a tropical cyclone (TC) is studied with a two-layernonlinear primitive equation ocean model. Numerica experiments indicate that there is rightward bias inocean response to a moving TC. The initial middle layer (ML) depth and stratification intensity havesubstantial impact on the Changes of SST and ML depth. The initial ML depth has large effect onthe value of the current, whereas the initial stratification intensity has slight influence on it. Thedistribution of ECS ML depth, especially the special ocean thermal structure on the continental shelf facil-itates the drop of SST. The simulation results of ocean response to Typhoon 7002 are fairly consistentwith the observation data.     

TWO BETA SPIRALS IN THE WESTERN BOUNDARY REGION OF THE PACIFIC

Beta spiral technique can be used to determine the three dimensional velocity field , usually in the open ocean , as functions of depth at a single location. This work is aimed at applying the method to the lower layers in the western boundary area of the Pacific at two locations covered by 5 CTD stations each , and then using the results to study the vertical structure of the western boundary current in the Pacific .     

长江口枯季北港淡水向北支扩展的动力机制

2011年12月至2012年1月长江口的现场观测资料表明,大潮和大潮后中潮期间,北港的淡水向北支口门和下段扩展,减小了北支下段的盐度,而小潮及其后的中潮期间无此现象。为了确证淡水的来源,采用验证良好的三维数值模式再现了上述观测现象,并通过数值试验和淡水通量机制分解方法分析其动力成因。数值试验结果表明,大潮及其后的中潮期间,北港主槽流经北港北汊及其周围浅滩的水体是北支淡水的主要来源,拉格朗日余流输送是其向北支扩展的主要动力机制。北港北汊的增深增加了进入北支的淡水通量,减弱了北支的盐水入侵。偏北风风速的增加抑制了北港淡水向北支的扩展,增加了北支的盐水入侵。     

137°经向断面温、盐度的年际变异

系统地分析了137°E断面温、盐度的多年变化,主要结果为:(1)137°E断面100m层温度,在低纬度海域于某些年份出现异常低温,此现象可能与厄尔尼诺事件有关;指出棉兰老冷涡的存在是造成该断面于6°～8°N附近出现低温的主要原因。(2)厄尔尼诺期间,冬季137°E断面上28℃等温线所在纬度小于其多年平均值。(3)冬季137°E断面上次表层高盐水可划分为强型、次强型、中等型和弱型4种类型。     

夏季风场对长江冲淡水扩展影响的数值模拟

建立一个σ坐标系下三维非线性斜压陆架模式，研究长江冲淡扩展的动力机制。数值试验再现了夏季长江冲淡水转向东北的现象，夏季风场对长江冲淡水扩展的影响，取决于风速的大小和动向，风速为３ｍ／ｓ的南风，对冲淡水向北扩展的影响比较明显，而当南风风速达到６ｍ／ｓ时，则起着十分显著的作用，西南风加强了冲淡水向东扩展，但对南北向的扩展影响甚微，东南风抑了冲淡水向东扩散，并使之偏向西北，明确阐明了夏季风场对冲淡水扩展     

夏季东海西部表层海水中的pCO_2及海-气界面通量

根据 2 0 0 1年夏季长江口及东海西部海域表层海水pCO2 的实测数据 ,结合水文、化学和生物等要素的同步观测资料 ,对该海域pCO2 分布和变化的重要影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明 ,长江冲淡水是造成东海西部海域表层海水pCO2 分布不均匀的主要原因。利用Wan ninkhof( 1 992 )提出的通量模式计算 ,长江口口门附近海域和浙江近岸海域为CO2 的源区 ,1 2 3°E以东的调查海域表现为大气CO2 的汇 ,尤其是以 1 2 3°E ,32°N为中心 ,存在着一个极强的大气CO2 汇区。就整个东海西部海域而言 ,夏季可从大气净吸收 1 5 3× 1 0 4 tC。     

海洋对热带气旋响应的研究

建立一个二层非线性原始方程海洋模式，用以研究海洋对静止和以不同移速移动的热带气旋的响应。数值试验结果表明，海洋对静止ＴＣ的响应，具有不对移性；在ＴＣ中心处，抽吸使混合层变浅，在ＴＣ最大风速半径处，大风夹卷明显使ＭＬ加深和海表温下降；海洋对移动ＴＣ的响应，具有右偏性，且随移速加快而加剧。ＭＬ深度和ＳＳＴ的变化对ＴＣ移速十分敏感，而海流则不同。     

南海夏季风爆发与西太平洋暖池区热含量及对流异常

利用1955～1998年逐月的上层海洋热含量资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了南海夏季风爆发与热带西太平洋暖池区热含量异常的关系,并对影响过程进行了探讨.结果表明:(1)热带西太平洋暖池区是热带上层海洋热含量变化最大的区域,暖池区的热含量的变化与ENSO关系密切,是ENSO循环的重要组成部分,也是影响南海夏季风爆发最明显的地区.(2)南海夏季风爆发与前期(特别是前期冬、春季)暖池热状态的变化有密切关系,当前期暖池热含量高时,南海夏季风爆发早,反之爆发晚,这与由暖池变化所产生的上空大气的对流活动密切相关;4月暖池区热含量高(低)是预报南海夏季风爆发早(晚)的一个很好指标.(3)西太平洋暖池区热含量正异常时,辐散中心位于南海—西太平洋,对流强,西太副高弱且位置偏东,季风环流(印度洋纬向环流和经向环流)和Walker环流为正距平环流;正距平的季风环流有利于低空西到西南气流的加强,南海夏季风爆发早,反之爆发晚.由暖池变化所引起的大尺度季风环流和Walker环流的异常变化可能是影响南海夏季风爆发的一个重要动力机制.