四维地震技术在草20块蒸汽驱试验区的应用

对乐安油田草２０块蒸汽驱试验区进行了四维地震的野外资料采集、室内处理及在油气开发中的解释应用,并分析了四维地震监测的野外观测系统、施工工艺方法;采用特殊的资料处理流程参数,成功地监测到了蒸汽驱的波及前缘成像,指出了注入蒸汽在河流相地层的运移规律,确定了排泄稠油区及剩余油区,促进了乐安油田的稠油汽驱开采工作。     

青藏高原植被覆盖变化与降水关系

The temporal and spatial changes of NDVI on the Tibetan Plateau, as well as the relationship between NDVI and precipitation, were discussed in this paper, by using 8-km resolution multi-temporal NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1982 to 1999. Monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall were used to analyze the seasonal changes, and annual maximum NDVI, annual effective precipitation and growing season precipitation (from April to August) were used to discuss the interannual changes. The dynamic change of NDVI and the corre- lation coefficients between NDVI and rainfall were computed for each pixel. The results are as follows: (1) The NDVI reached the peak in growing season (from July to September) on the Tibetan Plateau. In the northern and western parts of the plateau, the growing season was very short (about two or three months); but in the southern, vegetation grew almost all the year round. The correlation of monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall varied in different areas. It was weak in the western, northern and southern parts, but strong in the central and eastern parts. (2) The spatial distribution of NDVI interannual dynamic change was different too. The increase areas were mainly distributed in southern Tibet montane shrub-steppe zone, western part of western Sichuan-eastern Tibet montane coniferous forest zone, western part of northern slopes of Kunlun montane desert zone and southeastern part of southern slopes of Himalaya montane evergreen broad-leaved forest zone; the decrease areas were mainly distributed in the Qaidam montane desert zone, the western and northern parts of eastern Qinghai-Qilian montane steppe zone, southern Qinghai high cold meadow steppe zone and Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The spatial distribution of correlation coeffi- cient between annual effective rainfall and annual maximum NDVI was similar to the growing season rainfall and annual maximum NDVI, and there was good relationship between NDVI and rainfall in the meadow and grassland with medium vegetation cover, and the effect of rainfall on vegetation was small in the forest and desert area.     

陆面数据同化系统误差问题研究综述

同化系统中的误差问题一直被认为是制约数据同化性能的瓶颈问题。从分析陆面数据同化系统的误差问题研究现状出发,统一定义了同化系统的误差来源及误差表现,简要综述了顺序同化方法及连续同化方法中的误差定义和相关理论问题。从误差估计的角度,重点介绍了目前研究中各种误差估计的方法和面临的困难。针对误差处理方法的研究,介绍了在集合数据...     

青藏高原高寒草地净初级生产力(NPP)时空分异(英文)

Based on the GIMMS AVHRR NDVI data(8 km spatial resolution) for 1982–2000, the SPOT VEGETATION NDVI data(1 km spatial resolution) for 1998–2009, and observational plant biomass data, the CASA model was used to model changes in alpine grassland net primary production(NPP) on the Tibetan Plateau(TP). This study will help to evaluate the health conditions of the alpine grassland ecosystem, and is of great importance to the promotion of sustainable development of plateau pasture and to the understanding of the function of the national ecological security shelter on the TP. The spatio-temporal characteristics of NPP change were investigated using spatial statistical analysis, separately on the basis of physico-geographical factors(natural zone, altitude, latitude and longitude), river basin, and county-level administrative area. Data processing was carried out using an ENVI 4.8 platform, while an ArcGIS 9.3 and ANUSPLIN platform was used to conduct the spatial analysis and mapping. The primary results are as follows:(1) The NPP of alpine grassland on the TP gradually decreases from the southeast to the northwest, which corresponds to gradients in precipitation and temperature. From 1982 to 2009, the average annual total NPP in the TP alpine grassland was 177.2×1012gC yr-1(yr represents year), while the average annual NPP was 120.8 gC m-2yr-1.(2) The annual NPP in alpine grassland on the TP fluctuates from year to year but shows an overall positive trend ranging from 114.7 gC m-2yr-1in 1982 to 129.9 gC m-2yr-1in 2009, with an overall increase of 13.3%; 32.56% of the total alpine grassland on the TP showed a significant increase in NPP, while only 5.55% showed a significant decrease over this 28-year period.(3) Spatio-temporal characteristics are an important control on annual NPP in alpine grassland: a) NPP increased in most of the natural zones on the TP, only showing a slight decrease in the Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The positive trend in NPP in the high-cold shrub-meadow zone, high-cold meadow steppe zone and high-cold steppe zone is more significant than that of the high-cold desert zone; b) with increasing altitude, the percentage area with a positive trend in annual NPP follows a trend of"increasing-stable-decreasing", while the percentage area with a negative trend in annual NPP follows a trend of "decreasing-stable-increasing", with increasing altitude; c) the variation in annual NPP with latitude and longitude co-varies with the vegetation distribution; d) the variation in annual NPP within the major river basins has a generally positive trend, of which the growth in NPP in the Yellow River Basin is most significant. Results show that, based on changes in NPP trends, vegetation coverage and phonological phenomenon with time, NPP has been declining in certain places successively, while the overall health of the alpine grassland on the TP is improving.     

西藏自治区拉萨河流域湿地脆弱性评价与成因分析

构建了基于"敏感性—人为脆弱性"的脆弱性评价指标体系,运用ArcGIS的空间叠加分析和脆弱性评价模型,开展拉萨河流域湿地脆弱性评价,并运用障碍度计算方法,分析了影响脆弱性的主要因素。研究结果表明,拉萨河流域湿地脆弱性范围为0.115 3~0.742 7,可分为轻度脆弱、中度脆弱和重度脆弱3个等级,其中,中度脆弱面积最大,占湿地总面积的59.59%,集中分布在河谷区和高山盆地区,主要类型为藏北嵩草(Kobresia lit?tledalei)沼泽化草甸、杂类草湿草甸和河流;其次是轻度脆弱湿地,占湿地总面积的38.25%,主要分布于河源区的嘉黎县;重度脆弱湿地仅占2.16%,分布在河源区的那曲县和河谷区的桑日县。轻度和重度脆弱湿地的类型都以藏北嵩草沼泽化草甸、河流和湖泊为主。影响湿地脆弱性的主要因素有9个,其重要性从高到低依次为年降水量、污染源、牲畜密度、人均牧业产值、植被盖度、人均耕地面积、污水排放量、猪的密度和高程,其中,年降水量、放牧和植被盖度是普遍存在的最重要的影响因素。降低湿地脆弱性的关键在于保障水源供给、控制污染和限制过度放牧。     

久效磷和林丹共同作用下对细小色矛线虫种群动态的毒性效应

采用联合暴露的方法研究久效磷和林丹共同作用下对细小色矛线虫种群动态的毒性效应。结果表明:久效磷和林丹联合暴露极显著降低了细小色矛线虫子一代和子二代种群增长率,具有剂量-效应关系;并导致子一代种群偏雌性化。与对照相比,Ⅰ(0.1μg/L久效磷和0.005μg/L林丹)、Ⅱ(1.0μg/L久效磷和0.05μg/L林丹)、Ⅲ(10.0μg/L久效磷和0.5μg/L林丹)联合暴露组子一代种群增长率分别降低了64.82%、74.90%、78.28%,联合暴露组Ⅳ(100.0μg/L久效磷和5.0μg/L林丹)子一代种群呈负增长;Ⅰ、Ⅱ联合暴露组子二代种群呈负增长。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ联合暴露组的亲代总产卵量分别降低了68.27%、72.88%、80.81%和83.76%;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ联合暴露组的子代总产卵量分别降低了73.66%、78.67%和85.66%。此外,细小色矛线虫子一代和子二代卵的受精率和胚胎孵化率的降低、胚胎发育持续时间时间的延长、L1幼虫畸形率的升高与种群动态的变化密切相关。久效磷和林丹共同作用下对细小色矛线虫种群动态具有较强的毒性效应。     

青藏高原统计数据分析--以人口为例

在自然地理单元与行政单元交叉情况下,如何根据行政单元统计数据获得该自然地理单元的精确数据是当前研究的难点和重点之一。以青藏高原为自然地理单元和人口数据为例,选用并设计了数据统计的运算方法(实际数值模型、边缘等密度法推算模型、最小值模型、最大值模型和估测值模型等5个线性统计模型)及试验应用。主要研究结论为：(1)在青藏高原中国境内分布于6个省区的221个县(市),其中155个县(市)位于高原内部,其余66个县市位于高原边缘地区,文中给出了边缘县在高原内外的面积比;(2) 边缘等密度法的计算结果更接近实际, 而估测值模型与边缘等密度法计算结果相差最小;截止2001年,青藏高原人口约1204万人; (3)结合居民点的实际空间数据进行叠加分析或结合多源数据融合技术,将进一步提高测算的精确度。     

碳计算器决定非开挖益处

本文介绍了采用非开挖施工的优点,分析了非开挖减少二氧化碳（CO2）的排放,以及碳计算器的设计和应用情况。     

大渡河上游地区土地利用动态模拟分析

基于1967、1987和2000年三期遥感数据和1:25万数字高程模型,通过Logistic逐步回归分析,在地形、海拔、水系、道路交通、城镇和居民点分布等多种自然地理和社会经济因素中,筛选出不同时期对大渡河上游地区主要土地利用类型空间分布及其变化具有决定作用的驱动因子,并生成相应的土地利用空间分布概率适宜图,然后采用CLUE-S模型,模拟分析了1987年和2000年两个时点上金川、壤塘和马尔康三县18665 km2范围内的土地利用状况。用当年的现状图检验对比的结果表明,模拟取得了较为理想的结果,Kappa值分别达到0.86和0.89。在此基础上,针对三种政策情景,应用相同模型模拟预测了研究地区2010年时的土地利用时空变化。     

沙枣泉北山旋扭构造浅析

笔者通过遥感图像解译，在甘肃北山东部沙枣泉北山地区发现一个旋扭构造，根据山脊、水 系的弧形转折和块状均一的影纹分别判泽出旋扭构造的旋迴带和砥柱，经地面检查，已得到证实。 据旋迴面特征，确定了徒扭面性质和旋扭方向，进而据砥柱由火山岩组成和断裂分布特征分析了 旋扭构造成因。