Zooplankton community structure,abundance and biovolume in Jiaozhou Bay and the adjacent coastal Yellow Sea during summers of 2005–2012: relationships with increasing water temperature

Zooplankton abundance, biovolume and taxonomic composition in Jiaozhou Bay and the adjacent coastal Yellow Sea were evaluated using ZooScan measurement of samples collected by net towing every August from 2005 to 2012. Zooplankton abundance and biovolume ranged from 1 938.5 to 24 800 ind./m~3 and 70.8 to 1 480.1 mm~3/m~3 in Jiaozhou Bay and 73.1 to 16 814.3 ind./m~3 and 19.6 to 640.7 mm~3/m~3 in the coastal Yellow Sea. Copepods were the most abundant group in both regions, followed by N octiluca scintillans and appendicularians in Jiaohzou Bay, and chaetognaths and N octiluca scintillans in adjacent coastal Yellow Sea. Over the study period, the most conspicuous hydrographic change was an increase in water temperature. Meanwhile, a general decrease in zooplankton abundance was observed, particularly in copepod populations. Based on redundancy analysis(RDA), the warming trend was the key environmental factor influencing to decrease of copepod abundance. The proportion of small-sized copepods increased while the mean size of all copepods decreased, in significant correlation with water temperature. Our results indicate that zooplankton, particularly copepods, are highly sensitive to change in water temperature, which is consistent with predicted impacts of warming on aquatic ectotherms. Due to their dominance in the zooplankton, the decline in copepod size and abundance could lead to an unfavourable decrease in energy availability for predators, particularly planktivorous fish.     

Distribution patterns of chlorophyll <Emphasis Type="Italic">a</Emphasis> in spring and autumn in association with hydrological features in the southern Yellow Sea and northern East China Sea

Two field studies were conducted to measure pigments in the Southern Yellow Sea (SYS) and the northern East China Sea (NECS) in April (spring) and September (autumn) to evaluate the distribution pattern of phytoplankton stock (Chl a concentration) and the impact of hydrological features such as water mass, mixing and tidal front on these patterns. The results indicated that the Chl a concentration was 2.43±2.64 (Mean ± SD) mg m^?3 in April (range, 0.35 to 17.02 mg m^?3) and 1.75±3.10 mg m^?3 in September (from 0.07 to 36.54 mg m^?3) in 2003. Additionally, four areas with higher Chl a concentrations were observed in the surface water in April, while two were observed in September, and these areas were located within or near the point at which different water masses converged (temperature front area). The distribution pattern of Chl a was generally consistent between onshore and offshore stations at different depths in April and September. Specifically, higher Chl a concentrations were observed along the coastal line in September, which consisted of a mixing area and a tidal front area, although the distributional pattern of Chl a concentrations varied along transects in April. The maximum Chl a concentration at each station was observed in the surface and subsurface layer (0–10 m) for onshore stations and the thermocline layer (10–30 m) for offshore stations in September, while the greatest concentrations were generally observed in surface and subsurface water (0–10 m) in April. The formation of the Chl a distributional pattern in the SYS and NECS and its relationship with possible influencing factors is also discussed. Although physical forces had a close relationship with Chl a distribution, more data are required to clearly and comprehensively elucidate the spatial pattern dynamics of Chl a in the SYS and NECS.     

升温与硝酸盐加富对鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫的生理影响

选择三亚鹿回头近岸海域常见的鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora damicornis)幼虫为研究对象,采用室内连续培养的方法,探究了升温(29℃和31℃)与硝酸盐加富(0、5、20μmol/dm^3)对鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫共生体的生理影响。结果表明:升温和硝酸盐加富对鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫存活率与共生虫黄藻叶绿素荧光指数(Fv/Fm)无显著影响,但对幼虫附着率的影响表现为明显的交互作用。升温条件下,各处理珊瑚幼虫附着率均显著下降,且硝酸盐加富加剧了升温对珊瑚幼虫附着率的负面影响。再者,升温对幼虫呼吸速率的影响与硝酸盐的浓度有关,5μmol/dm^3硝酸盐处理抵消了升温对幼虫呼吸的促进作用;与此同时,5μmol/dm^3硝酸盐处理提高了幼虫的净光合作用而且光合呼吸速率比(PG/RD)大于2,表明此时珊瑚幼虫共生体系光合作用固定的有机碳为净累积。综上,适量的硝酸盐加富可以缓解升温对珊瑚幼虫代谢的负面影响,但高浓度硝酸盐加富则会不利于鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫的附着及种群的本地补充。     

2014年春末黄海中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)的呼吸率与油脂积累

春末是黄海冷水团中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)度夏种群形成的关键时期。在此期间,中华哲水蚤C5期桡足类幼体(简称C5期)的油脂积累程度关系到种群能否顺利度夏。本文从呼吸率、油囊体积以及种群组成等角度,对春末黄海冷水团内外以及冷水团区表、底层的中华哲水蚤进行比较研究。结果表明,2014年5月底黄海冷水团初步形成,此时冷水团区中华哲水蚤C4和C5期幼体丰度占总体的62%—93%,种群处于度夏前的准备阶段。冷水团区C5期的平均呼吸率是近岸C5期的68%,同时冷水团底层C5期的油囊体积百分数是近岸种群的2.4倍。由此推测,冷水团区次表层较厚的温跃层(19—25m,0.3—0.5°C/m)以及冷水团的低温环境有利于C5期幼体降低呼吸消耗,进而增加油脂的积累。此外,冷水团区表、底层C5期的呼吸率相近,但底层C5期油囊体积百分数为表层的1.9—4.2倍,积累大量油脂的C5期偏向在冷水团底部活动。     

夏季南极长城湾海流变化特征及其对浮游植物生物量的影响

通过对2010/2011年夏季南极长城湾叶绿素a浓度和海流等环境参数的传感器连续观测;研究其时空变化特征及海流对浮游植物生物量的影响。结果表明;12.9 m水层叶绿素a浓度从12月中旬开始增长;直至2月上旬开始维持相对稳定;期间出现两个高值点（2.74 μg/L和3.76 μg/L）。叶绿素a浓度表现出了24 h周期变化特征;每日叶绿素a浓度最高值出现在正午前后时段的概率要高于其他时段。表层海水受西北风影响;流速较大;约为60~100 cm/s;中层和底层水体流速较小;约为10 cm/s。表层的风海流使海水在长城湾发生辐散;下层海水向上涌升;驱动了水体的垂直交换。长城湾与麦克斯韦尔湾存在水体交换;水体主要从中层进入湾内;从表层输出。长城湾的叶绿素a浓度与流速呈显著负相关;表明低流速环境有利于长城湾浮游植物的生长。     

自然海水中浮游植物生物量和叶绿素的比值

自从Ｎｉｅｌｓｅｎ在１９５７年提出１４Ｃ法测定海洋中的初级生产力以后 ,对各个海区的光合作用和初级生产力有了较好的了解。但是还没有直接测定浮游植物生物量（Ｃ）的方法 ,多数研究是通过测定叶绿素浓度（Ｃｈｌ）和记数浮游植物细胞来估计浮游植物生物量。了解浮游植物生物量具有重要的生态学意义。（１）目前 ,对海洋中浮游植物的生长率（ｋ）还有很多争议 ,在相同的海区得到的结果相差很多倍。这些差异无疑反映了浮游植物生长率的时、空变化 ,但是也有一些差异是因为缺乏确切地测定浮游植物生长率的方法造成的。如果知道了Ｃ ,ｋ就…     

我国温室气体本底浓度网络化观测的初步结果

CO₂和CH₄是《京都议定书》限排的主要温室气体。自1990年以来的长期观测表明, 我国青海瓦里关全球本底站大气CO₂和CH₄浓度与北半球中纬度地区其他一些本底站的同期观测结果具有可比性, 观测数据已成为WMO全球温室气体公报及国内外有关评估报告的重要参考依据; 我国4个区域本底站过去一年来的采样分析结果显示:北京上甸子、浙江临安、黑龙江龙凤山、湖北金沙大气CO₂和CH₄浓度明显高于同期瓦里关站的观测值, 表明4个区域站大气CO₂和CH₄受自然及人为活动的影响较大。迄今为止, 国内相关部门通过多种方式开展了温室气体浓度长期观测或短期科研, 各具优势和特点, 但力量相对分散、观测站稀少、侧重点和目标各异。为了全面掌握我国温室气体本底浓度时空变化, 了解不同区域大气受自然和人为活动影响的程度, 亟需相关部门分工协作、优势互补、资源共享, 尽快推进我国温室气体及相关微量成分的网络化观测分析和源汇反演模式系统建设, 进而测算、验证不同区域温室气体排放源和吸收汇的动态变化, 分析、评估各区域之间的输送和影响, 为我国应对气候变化的内政、外交提供决策支持。     

青海省东部农业区冰雹天气特征分析及预警指标研究

采用青海省东部农业区14个地面气象站冰雹观测资料，对2003-2017年青海东部农业区冰雹天气进行特征分析，利用天气雷达、高空、雷电观测资料对2003-2017年青海东部农业区20例典型冰雹天气个例进行分析研究。得出：(1)冰雹和雹灾集中出现在每年5-9月，冰雹天气7月最多，冰雹成灾8月最多。(2)0 ℃层高度变化对冰雹融化作用不明显；高空垂直风切变比对流有效位能更有指示意义。(3)冰雹雷达回波顶高普遍大于10 km，冰雹直径与回波顶高的线性相关强于冰雹直径与强回波中心高度的线性相关；垂直累积液态水含量普遍大于20 kg?m-2且垂直累积液态水含量增量大于10 kg?m-2时易发生雹灾；风暴顶部辐散正负速度差值对雹灾预警有指示意义，但与冰雹直径无明显相关性。(4)不同冰雹云产生的闪电频次差别很大，同一雹云相同时间内正闪次数越多，则降雹直径越大。利用以上结论统计得出冰雹预警指标、权重和预警区间，通过对预警指标进行历史回代和预报检验，历史回代拟合率达86.9％，预警准确率为80％。     

宁夏水文计划管理信息系统建设探讨

根据水利部确立的以水利信息化带动水利现代化的发展思路,为了加快水文现代化建设,水文 计划管理信息系统的建设势在必行,本文提出了宁夏水文计划管理信息系统建设的规划