水生经济动物性别遗传基础及其鉴定方式研究进展

部分水生经济动物具有性别二态性,这种特性与养殖品质、商业价值相关。与哺乳动物不同,水生动物不具有明显的性征,在育种时难以识别亲本性别,会造成额外的劳动力和培育成本。该文主要围绕水生经济动物性别遗传基础及其鉴定方式,综述了水生经济动物的性别二态现象、常见的性别鉴定方式以及决定基因,以期为种质资源保护和良种选育提供理论参考。     

我国刺参种业态势分析与技术创新展望

刺参为我国重要的海水养殖对象,而种业是刺参产业链条健康发展的基础环节,但仍存在野生种质资源匮乏、良种不足及良种覆盖率低的现状。本文综述了当前我国刺参种业现状与态势,重点比较分析了“东科1号”等6个已育成良种的特点,提出了在全球气候变化现状下未来刺参种业的发展趋势,并针对刺参产业发展需求,提出了应用现代遗传技术实现性状精准高效选育等未来刺参育种技术体系创新发展方向,以期为我国刺参种业转型升级提供参考。     

日本蟳捕食栉孔扇贝机制的初步研究

在现场和室内条件下研究了日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)对栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)的捕食机制。现场实验表明,成年日本蟳可以捕食壳高小于5.0 cm的栉孔扇贝,其捕食强度随着水温的升高而增大,而壳高大于5.9 cm的栉孔扇贝则可以免遭日本蟳的捕食;相对于栉孔扇贝,日本蟳更倾向于捕食贻贝;室内实验表明水温低于10℃时,日本蟳对大规格扇贝的捕食作用不明显。相同温度条件下,室内实验日本蟳的捕食强度要低于现场,但其温度系数(Q10)差别不大。在上述实验基础上,本文提出了提高底播栉孔扇贝成活率的方法,即选择大规格的扇贝在水温较低的秋、冬季进行底播,同时添加一部分贻贝作为牺牲诱饵以减少日本蟳对扇贝的捕食。     

Survival, growth and immune activity of scallop Chlamys farreri cultured at different depths in Haizhou Bay (Yellow Sea, China) during hot season

Survival, growth and immune response of the scallop, Chlamys farreri, cultured in lantern nets at five different depths (2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 m below the sea surface) were studied in Haizhou Bay during the hot season (summer and autumn) of 2007. Survival and growth rates were quantified bimonthly. Immune activities in hemolymph (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and acid phosphatase (ACP)) were measured to evaluate the health of scallops at the end of the study. Environmental parameters at the five depths were also monitored during the experiment. Mortalities mainly occurred during summer. Survival of scallops suspended at 15 m (78.0%) and 20 m (86.7%) was significantly higher than at 2 m (62.9%), 5 m (60.8%) or 10 m (66.8%) at the end of the study. Mean shell height grew significantly faster at 10 m (205.0 μm/d) and 20 m (236.9 μm/d) than at 2, 5 or 15 m in summer (July 9 to September 1); however, shell growth rate at 20 m was significantly lower than at the other four depths in autumn (September 2 to November 6). In contrast to summer, scallops at 5 m grew faster (262.9 μm/d) during autumn. The growth of soft tissue at different depths showed a similar trend to the shell. Growth rates of shell height and soft tissue were faster in autumn than in summer, with the exception of shell height at 20 m. SOD activity of scallops increased with depth, and ACP activity was significantly higher at 15 and 20 m than at other depths, which suggests that scallops were healthier near the bottom. Factors explaining the depth-related mortality and growth of scallops are also discussed. We conclude that the mass mortality of scallop, C. farreri, during summer can be prevented by moving the culture area to deeper water and yield can be maximized by suspending the scallops in deep water during summer and then transferring them to shallow water in autumn.     

中国沉积学发展战略:沉积学教育现状与展望

通过调研国内主要地质高校涉及沉积学领域的专业设置、课程设置、野外教学和研究生毕业论文等情况,对中国沉积学相关的人才培养模式进行分析,从而讨论了中国沉积学教育现状及发展趋势。调研结果显示:1）中国地质类院校中涉及沉积学的本科专业设置基本统一,而研究生专业设置则存在较大的差异,各大高校的传统优势研究领域各具特色;2）通过统计近15年沉积学相关专业研究生毕业论文情况,揭示沉积学相关专业学位论文数量占地质学科总数的32%,其中油气地质学学科又占沉积学论文总数的77.1%,可见油气地质学是近15年来沉积学领域发展最快的学科,说明我国的经济增长和石油与天然气勘探开发与对人才的需求息息相关;3）通过研究生学位论文与我国国内生产总值（GDP）增长率对比,我国沉积学教育与国民经济是同步发展的,一方面国民经济发展和社会进步不断向沉积学领域提出新的课题,促进沉积学和沉积学教育的发展,另一方面沉积学领域和沉积学教育取得的成果反过来又推动国民经济发展和社会进步。对沉积学人才培养需要确定正确的目标和模式,将素质教育和创新能力培养贯穿于人才培养的全过程,协调统一本科地质学基础教育和研究生沉积学专门教育,构建终生教育体系,才能真正满足社会发展的需求,使沉积学各研究领域的接续力量源源不断,使中国的沉积学蓬勃发展。     

动物性饵料对脉红螺(Rapana venosa)幼体的吸引性研究

采用生态学方法进行了新鲜和煮熟的动物性饵料对脉红螺(Rapana venosa)浮游幼体的吸引作用研究。结果表明, 脉红螺浮游幼体在4螺层期是食性转换期, 且在幼体到达3螺层后期的第1—6天是投放附着基和动物性饵料的最佳时期。此外, 新鲜和熟的双壳贝类肉对脉红螺幼体有明显的吸引力, 吸附于新鲜贝肉上的4螺层幼体占吸附幼体总数的48.61%, 显著大于其它螺层幼体; 脉红螺幼体选择新鲜紫贻贝肉的比例为33.75%, 显著大于菲律宾蛤仔(24.08%)、中国蛤蜊(18.97%)和长牡蛎(23.19%); 而熟贝肉中, 长牡蛎对幼体的吸引作用显著大于紫贻贝、菲律宾蛤仔、中国蛤蜊、海湾扇贝边粉和空白对照; 新鲜紫贻贝和熟长牡蛎肉具有作为脉红螺幼体食性转换期动物性饵料的开发潜力。     

牡蛎壳人工礁对多毛纲底栖动物群落结构的影响

采用功能群及多元统计方法, 对山东荣成俚岛湾牡蛎壳人工增殖礁礁区与毗连非礁区底质中多毛纲动物群落结构进行对比研究, 评估了牡蛎壳人工礁对多毛纲底栖动物群落结构的影响。结果表明, 人工礁区与非礁区共采集19科39种多毛纲动物, 按食性分为植食性、沉积食性和肉食性三大功能群。礁区肉食性多毛纲动物栖息密度高于非礁区, 可能与人工礁礁体底栖多毛纲动物引起的边缘效应有关。多维尺度分析MDS、相似度分析ANOSIM以及多因素方差分析(PERMANOVA)结果表明, 礁区同非礁区多毛纲动物群落结构差异不显著, 这可能与牡蛎壳人工礁单体体积较小, 对近底层水体及底质理化环境的影响较小有关。综上所述, 牡蛎壳人工礁在较小时间尺度内(1—2年)对底栖环境无显著影响。