初一历史课本素材在地理教学中的运用

正初一时,学生学习鸦片战争之前的中国古代史。到初二时,学生开始学习中国地理。所有历史事件的发生,都有一定的地点和时间,都是在特定的地理环境中发生的。历史事件往往与地理环境有着密切的关系。中国历史和中国地理之间,自然有着密切的联系。在轰轰烈烈的重大历史活动中,隐含着许多地理知识的应用,隐含着许多有趣的地理问题和谜团。将初一历史课本素材在初二和高中的地理教学中巧妙应用,进行实例探究     

Assessment of different mcy genes for detecting the toxic to non-toxic Microcystis ratio in the field by multiplex qPCR

Harmful cyanobacterial blooms, especially Microcystis blooms, occur worldwide and draw widespread attention. The dynamics of microcystin-producing Microcystis and competition between microcystin-producing Microcystis and non-microcystin-producing Microcystis are key to predicting and treating Microcystis blooms. Multiplex qPCR is a useful tool to assess such issues. In this study, we developed multiplex qPCR methods with newly-designed probes and primers for the microcystin-synthesis related genes mcyA and mcyE. We used seven toxic Microcystis strains and four non-toxic Microcystis strains to compare the differences in the ratios of toxic and non-toxic Microcystis in mixed cultures, which were calculated using abundances of the genes mcyA, mcyB, mcyD, mcy E and phycocyanin( PC). We also compared traditional cell counting and multiplex qPCR. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis indicated that mcyD was the most suitable mcy gene for quantification in laboratory experiments. mcyB abundances were always higher; we suggest that the amount of toxic Microcystis measured using mcyB might overestimate the actual percentages.     

Fast adsorption of microcystin-LR by Fe(Ⅲ)-modified powdered activated carbon

Microcystins(MCs) are cyclic hepatotoxic peptides produced by the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis and present a public health hazard to humans and livestock. The removal of MCs from contaminated water with powdered activated carbon(PAC) has been employed as a simple and economic treatment strategy. In this study, PAC-Fe(Ⅲ) was prepared and utilized for the fast and efficient removal of MCs from water. PAC-Fe(Ⅲ) exhibited superior microcystin-LR(MC-LR) removal capacity and efficiency compared to the unmodified PAC. The MC-LR removal efficiency of PAC-Fe(Ⅲ) increased with decreasing p H within the pH range of 4.3 to 9.6. PAC-Fe(Ⅲ) could be reused for 3 times by methanol elution while the MC-LR removal efficiency was still over 70 percent. The removal efficiency was positively correlated to the ionic strength of water and negatively correlated to alkalinity. Natural organic matter(NOM) such as humic acid(HA) and salicylic acid(SA) generated low interference with MC-LR adsorption by PAC-Fe(Ⅲ). The complexation reaction between Fe~(3+) in PAC-Fe(Ⅲ) and the functional groups of MCLR was suggested as the key mechanism of MC-LR removal by PAC-Fe(Ⅲ). The results suggest that Femodified PAC is a promising material for the treatment of MC-contaminated waters.     

蓝藻膦酸酯代谢及其生态意义研究进展

膦酸酯是新近发现的一类生物可利用磷,其广泛存在于水生生态系统,是水体有机磷库的重要组成,构成水体磷氧化还原循环的关键环节。随着研究的深入,越来越多的蓝藻藻株被证实参与膦酸酯的生物利用与合成,有助于阐明其适应低磷环境的机制,促进了对蓝藻磷策略与水体磷循环的全面理解,具有重要的生态学意义。与此同时,蓝藻对膦酸酯的利用性状,使得膦酸酯作为环境污染物与蓝藻磷源的双重作用开始显现,这会对水体浮游生物竞争格局的研究产生深远影响;而蓝藻的甲基膦酸代谢也被认为是水体好氧甲烷发生的来源之一。本文回顾了蓝藻膦酸酯利用与合成的研究历史,对目前蓝藻膦酸酯代谢过程生态风险与生态意义的研究进展进行了梳理,并对这一领域未来发展趋势进行了评述。     

强台风0814(黑格比)和9615(莎莉)台风暴潮珠江口内超高潮位分析

0814(黑格比)和9615(莎莉)是登陆粤西沿岸的强台风,台风路径相似、强度相同、登陆点相近,两次台风均造成珠江口内高潮位,而前者形成超高潮位。通过现有资料的比较,对两场台风特点及产生风暴潮灾害程度不同的原因进行分析。0814台风造成珠江口内特高潮位的原因主要有:1.台风强度,0814台风低压控制时间较9615台风长;2.天文潮大小,0814台风登陆日珠江口外天文潮潮差超过9615台风25%;3.登陆时所遇天文潮涨落阶段不同,0814台风登陆时逢珠江口内处于高潮位时,而9615登陆时珠江口内处于落潮过程。     

抚仙湖、洱海、滇池浮游藻类功能群1960s以来演变特征

作为主要的初级生产者,浮游植物在水生生态系统中扮演着重要的角色,浮游植物的时空分布反映了生态环境的变化.依据浮游植物的形态、生理、生态特点而定义的浮游藻类功能群对藻类的耐受性和敏感性进行了描述,因而浮游藻类功能群的组成是生境特征的良好指示者.对1960s至今抚仙湖、洱海、滇池3个高原湖泊的浮游藻类组成进行分析,并首次将功能群理论运用到这3个湖泊.结果表明,3个湖泊的浮游藻类优势功能群组成在近50～60年间发生了明显的改变:抚仙湖的浮游藻类优势功能群演变过程为C、X2、Lo、F、P(1960s)-H1、C、P(1980s)-P、C、T(1990s)-T(2000年以后);洱海的浮游藻类优势功能群演变过程为J、Lo、MP、C、H1(1960s)-C、H1(1980s)-C、H1(1990s)-C、H1、M(2000年以后);滇池的浮游藻类优势功能群演变过程为J、N、P、MP、Lo(1960s)-J、P、MP、M(1980s)-J、M(1990s)-M(2000年以后).抚仙湖、洱海、滇池水体内的藻类功能群演替趋势特征,即耐低温物种的减少以及喜营养物种的增加,表明3个高原湖泊在近几十年可能受到了气候变暖和营养程度增加的影响.     

滇池水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenon flos-aquae)对低氮的生理响应

通过对分离的滇池北部海埂湾春季蓝藻水华时期的两株水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenon flos-aquae)进行研究,探讨了滇池水华束丝藻在低浓度硝酸盐下的生长特征,以及无氮条件下藻丝异形胞的诱导分化过程与固氮能力.实验结果表明:两株水华束丝藻在各浓度硝酸盐中均能够生长,并且生物量能够增加到较高水平.硝态氮浓度高时水华束丝藻的生物量也较高,但是硝酸盐浓度超过0.5 mg/L时,各组生物量无显著性差异.无氮BG-11培养基培养条件下,水华束丝藻可以快速分化形成异形胞,含有异形胞的藻丝比例在3 d以后即可达50%左右,最高可以达72%,之后开始下降,但是仍能维持较高比例.水华束丝藻在无氮条件下通过异形胞固定的氮元素从第7 d开始逐渐增加,在生长43 d后,培养基中增加的氮浓度接近30 mg/L.     

Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins:responses and detection

正The 10~(th) International Conference on toxic cyanobacteria(ICTC-10)was successfully held during 23–28 Oct.2016.We were so glad to see much progress made on toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins during past years,and the ICTC does provide a global forum for a wide-ranging communication and discussion of key issues related to cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins.     

游玩不忘地理 分析令人惊喜

“五一”黄金假期到了，盼望已久的初一学生正计划着如何外出旅游。作为一名地理教师，我敏感地认识到这是学生增长地理知识的大好时机。