Molecular organic geochemistry of ornithogenic sediment from Svalbard, Arctic

The molecular biomarker compositions of the ornithogenic sediments (YN), from Svalbard, Arctic were investigated. The results showed that n-alkanes had a bimodal pattern and their odd-even preference was not obvious. The alkanes contained unresolved complex mixtures (UCM) and relatively high levels of pristine and retene, indicating pollution from the nearby coal mines. The n-alkanols in the sediments had even-to-odd preference, and they might originate mainly from modern biota. Sistosterol, the main sterol in herbivores feces, was the dominant sterol, indicating that sitosterol might be a good biomarker of input from the birds feces in the sediments. The fatty acids of the sediments showed acid. The α-hydroxyl acids and ω-hydroxyl fatty acids were also detected in the sediments. In summary, the organic matters in the YN sediments were from the adjacent coal mines, bird feces, and plants.     

北极新奥尔松地区鸟粪土的分子有机地球化学研究

本文研究了位于北极地区的斯瓦尔巴(Svalbard)群岛上的新奥尔松(Ny-lesund)地区的鸟粪土层(YN)的分子有机地球化学组成特征。YN沉积物的烷烃呈双峰分布,奇偶优势不明显,烷烃组分包含UCM(不可分辨成分),姥鲛烷、惹烯是烷烃的主峰,表明烷烃组分受到附近三叠纪含煤地层的强烈影响。脂肪醇类组分偶奇优势明显,主要为现代生物来源。甾醇以谷甾醇为主,由于谷甾醇是草食动物粪便的主要甾醇,所以YN沉积物中谷甾醇可能来源于鸟粪。脂肪酸类组分的偶奇优势同样十分明显,不饱和脂肪酸以C18∶1为主,除脂肪酸外,还检测到β-羟基酸和ω-羟基酸。综合YN生物标志物的组成与分布特征,认为YN既受到附近含煤地层的影响,也受到附近的鸟粪和植被的影响。     

南海古海啸重建与海啸沉积研究进展

中国东海、南海等近海临近琉球海沟、马尼拉海沟等俯冲带,地震频发.过去的海啸研究主要关注历史文献分析、海啸数值模拟等,据此评估中国近岸海啸灾害的历史和风险.历史时期是否引发了海啸,特别是具有特大致灾风险的大海啸记录,目前还不明确.近年来,本课题组通过对海岛、海洋沉积和海岸带及其岛屿的沉积过程、海啸遗迹和历史记录研究,阐述...     

南极无冰区生态与环境变化在粪土层中的记录

极地海鸟、海兽等生物排泄物的堆积层和含粪的沉积层是进行极地生态地质学研究的良好载体。从生物粪土沉积层中恢复出的企鹅、海豹数量变化记录表明,历史时期南极企鹅、海豹种群数量出现过显著的波动。在新冰期时企鹅数量锐减,气候过冷或过暖都不利于它们的生存,南极海豹数量变化也受到气候变化、海冰条件和取食行为的控制。另外,南极海豹毛和生物粪土层中还保存了过去几千年人类文明的历史信息,汞（Hg）含量的波动与人类冶金文明的盛衰存在明显的响应关系。     

公元前2500年:中国进入铜石并用时代的汞记录

对安徽蒙城尉迟寺遗址剖面5050～4000cal.aB.P.间的汞记录研究表明,剖面中Hg的累积速率主要是由大气沉降影响的。在5050～4550cal.aB.P.间,YC1剖面中的汞的累积速率相对较低,并且主要是受气候控制:气候越寒冷,剖面中汞的累积速率则越高;在4530～4000cal.aB.P.间,YC1剖面中汞的累积速率显著升高,此时影响剖面中汞的累积速率的主要因素是人类活动——中国古代人类社会的原始金属冶炼活动,原始金属冶炼活动的规模直接决定了剖面中汞的累积速率。Hg在距今4500年前后的显著上升,标志着中国已经进入了铜石并用时代。     

Sodium and potassium in the bones of penguin and skua revealed by EPR and SR-XRF technique

Penguin and skua in the maritime Antarctic have high salt loadings in the body due to almost exclusive diet consumption of marine invertebrates. However, the storage and turnover of sodium and potassium in these animals are poorly investigated. Here we determined the concentration and microscopic distribution of the two elements in the bones of penguin and skua. The average concentrations of sodium and potassium in penguin bone were comparable with that in skua bone (0.18% and 0.82% for penguin bone; 0.19% and 0.76% for skua bone in dry weight). The ratios of sodium to calcium and potassium to calcium (0.0330 and 0.0075 for penguin, 0.0335 and 0.0082 for skua in average by weight) were somewhat higher than the reported ratios for terrestrial animals, indicating these marine animals' bone enrichment of salt. The ratios of sodium to potassium in average by weight were 6.75 and 4.65 for penguin and skua, respectively. This value is much lower compared with the bulk sea water ratio of about 27.0, implying that potassium is favorable to reside in the bone rather than sodium. Both sodium and potassium were found to significant correlation with the content of organic materials in bone based upon the intensity of native signal determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). It was estimated that almost all of potassium is kept within the organic phases, while about 30% of sodium is stored in organic phases and the other 70% within mineral phase. The microscopic distributions of potassium in the cross-section and/or surface were revealed by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) technique. The ratio of potassium to calcium based upon the SR-XRF intensity counter varied considerably from the surface to the interior, and on the surface the highest concentration of potassium was observed in the middle section with decreasing amounts toward the edge. This indirectly documented that exchange of potassium between fluid and bone organic phase maybe occur.     

Feasibility of using reflectance spectroscopy for the analysis of bio-element concentrations in Antarctic ornithogenic sediments

Compared with traditional chemical analysis methods, reflectance spectroscopy has the advantages of speed, minimal or no sample preparation, non-destruction, and low cost. The present study explored the application of the reflectance spectroscopy within near ultraviolet-visible-near infrared region to predict bio-element compositions in the ornithogenic sediments from the maritime Antarctic. A total of 106 samples were taken from four ornithogenic sediment cores on the Ardley Island of Antarctica, 68 samples were used for building calibration equation, and 38 for prediction of nine bio-elements including P, Ca, Cu, Zn, Se, Sr, Ba, F and S. Three multivariate statistical analysis techniques, including stepwise multiple linear regression (Stepwise-MLR), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLS) were used to develop mathematical relationships between the spectral data and the chemical reference data. The results showed that the regression models constructed by PCR and PLS models have no significant differences, and obviously supervisor to Stepwise-MLR. The correlations between spectra-predicted and chemically analyzed concentrations of nine bio-elements are statistically significant, and the concentration-versus-depth profiles predicted from reflectance spectra using PLS calibration model are consistent with those from actual chemical analysis. These results demonstrated the feasibility of using reflectance spectroscopy to infer bio-element concentrations in the ornithogenic sediments, and thus it is suggested that the reflectance spectroscopy could provide a rapid and valuable technique to indirectly identify whether the sediments were influenced by penguin droppings in the Antarctic region.     

南海珊瑚砂砾屑灰岩磷质胶结物的数字影像分析及其环境意义

应用计算机数字影像学原理,建立了对磷质胶结微细纹层研究的数值化方法,研究了西沙东岛珊瑚砂砾屑灰岩磷质胶结物的胶结结构和微纹层特征,定量地刻画了微条纹的宽度和颜色变化信息。东岛珊瑚砂砾屑灰岩磷质胶结物的形成以沉淀胶结为主,不同时期形成的胶结物微条纹系列,由于受到气候、生态因素的影响,具有不同的宽度、明暗度组合;对3个层次磷质胶结物的分析表明,在2900~5700 aBP西沙群岛东岛存在至少3次鸟类和植物的繁盛期;不同时期微纹层的气候、生态记录对比发现,相对稳定的气候条件有利于岛屿海鸟数量的扩大;提供了一种新的方法来探索岛屿鸟粪磷质胶结物的结构和生态环境意义。     

东南极戴维斯站企鹅粪土沉积物有机地球化学特征

研究了位于东南极西福尔丘陵地区Gardner Island企鹅粪土的沉积泥芯DG2的分子地球化学组成特征。DG2沉积物的正烷烃以短链为主,主要来源可能为淡水湖相沉积的藻类和细菌输入。脂肪酸组分偶奇优势明显,以C16,C18和C24一元饱和脂肪酸为主,主要来源可能是浮游动物、细菌及水生苔藓;不饱和脂肪酸含量很低,以C18∶1(Δ9)为主,表明沉积源单一稳定,无大波动。醇类组分以高浓度的植醇、胆甾烷醇和胆甾醇为主,分别代表了植被和企鹅数量,指示了研究区域历史时期的生态变化。综合DG2的生物标志物特征,反映该沉积物的有机质主要来源于企鹅粪、细菌和藻类;沉积环境在不同深度也有变化,0-30cm为氧化环境,30-63cm为还原环境。     

戴维斯站区与长城站区企鹅粪土层生物标型元素的确定与比较

在中国第22次南极考察(2005/2006)期间,采集了东南极戴维斯站区加德纳岛(GardnerIsland)上一根含企鹅粪的沉积泥芯。分析测试了该沉积物、新鲜企鹅粪和当地基岩中部分化学元素的含量。对元素进行聚类分析并结合对比新鲜企鹅粪、基岩中的部分元素含量特征后得出,该粪土沉积的生物标型元素组合包括P、Se、F、S、As、Cu和Sr等7种元素。这与西南极阿德雷岛企鹅粪土层的生物标型元素组合是基本一致的。在此基础上,对东、西南极企鹅粪土层的生物标型元素进行了优选,得出东南极优选生物标型元素为P和Se,西南极则为F、P和S。这为探讨东南极企鹅数量变化及东、西南极企鹅数量变化的对比研究打下了基础。