麻痹性贝毒研究进展

根据８０－９０年代中际上对麻痹性贝毒研究的最新进展,就研究中的几个热点问题进行综合评述,包括：麻痹性贝毒产毒藻的识别;毒素产生机制;毒素监测和分析方法;麻痹性贝毒对海洋生物的影响;麻痹怀贝毒对水产养殖业的影响及对策等。概括了麻痹性贝毒研究的现状和研究中的亟待解决的问题。中国在麻痹性贝毒毒素研究领域只进行了一些初步的工作,本文结合中中国的研究现状,提出以后在此领域内的重点研究方向。     

三苯基氯化锡对黑褐新糠虾的毒性效应

于 1 992年 7月在青岛胶州湾西岸采集黑褐新糠虾 ,经实验室常年培养驯化后作为实验材料 ,研究了三苯基氯化锡 (TPTC)的急性毒性效应及其对糠虾繁殖、生殖周期和种群的慢性毒性影响。结果表明 ,在急性毒性实验中 ,TPTC对糠虾的半致死浓度为 2 5× 1 0 - 9g/L( 2 4hLC50 )和 1 5× 1 0 - 9g/L( 4 8hLC50 ) ;慢性毒性实验结果表明 ,TPTC能影响糠虾种群的世代繁殖 ,2× 1 0 - 9g/L的TPTC能使糠虾首次生育的年龄延迟 3d ,产幼总数比对照组减少80 %以上 ,1× 1 0 - 9— 2× 1 0 - 9g/L的TPTC能导致糠虾生殖周期延长 3— 4d ,在生殖期内的死亡率上升 30 %— 55% ,暴露于 0 2 5× 1 0 - 9— 2 0 0× 1 0 - 9g/LTPTC中的糠虾其子代的在 6× 1 0 - 9g/LTPTC中存活能力下降。可以认为 ,1× 1 0 - 9g/L的TPTC可导致糠虾种群的衰亡。     

原子吸收光谱仪用于沉积物中锡分析的方法研究

１９９４－１９９６年间,利用原子吸收光谱仪,对沉积物中有机锡和总锡的石墨炉原子吸收分析方法进行了优化,探讨了分析过程中的仪器条件和改进剂类型。优化后方法的检出限为 ２．４５μｇ／Ｌ（ＴＰＴ－锡）,特征浓度（相当于产生 １％净吸收或 ０．００４ ４吸光度的待测元素浓度）为４８２μｇ／Ｌ（ＴＰＴ－锡）。在这一条件下,采用盐酸酸化－正己烷萃取－氢氧化钠回洗－硝酸氧化的预处理方法,可以使沉积物样品中三苯基氯化锡（Ｔｒｉｐｈｅｎｙｌｔｉｎ, ＴＰＴ）的检出限达到４１ｎｇ／ｇ（ＴＰＴ－锡）,回收率为 １０６％。应用这一方法对野外模拟实验和黄岛电厂出水口的沉积物样品进行了分析,结果表明,这一方法能够满足对沉积物样品中锡进行分析的要求。     

塔玛亚历山大藻对墨西哥湾扇贝幼体发育的影响

塔玛亚历山大藻是一种能产生麻痹性贝毒的有毒甲藻,它所引发的赤潮在世界各地多有发生,对海水养殖业和人们的生命安全造成很大的威胁［３］。有毒赤潮发生时,贝类起一种媒介的作用,可将有毒藻产生的毒素累积在体内,沿食物链转移给高营养级生物和人,使之中毒［４］。已有研究表明有毒藻对贝类本身的生命活动也会产生不利影响。但这些工作多数是围绕着贝类成体展开的,对幼体发育阶段的研究报道甚少。本文以墨西哥湾扇贝（Ａｒｇｏｐｅｃｔｅｎｉｒｒａｄｉａｎｓｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｓ）的Ｄ形幼虫、眼点幼虫、稚贝和仔贝为对象,研究了塔…     

长江口南部赤潮区春季表层沉积物中色素组成、含量与分布状况

为剖析长江口邻近海域春季硅藻藻华后期藻类沉降与底层水体缺氧现象之间的关系,作者于2011年春季,在长江口南部赤潮区采集了表层沉积物样品,并通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC),对浮游植物色素进行了分析。结果表明,硅藻藻华发生后,表层沉积物中叶绿素a(Chl a)、岩藻黄素(Fuco)和19’-丁酰氧基岩藻黄素(But-Fuco)含量有显著增加,高值区主要分布在调查海域东南侧50 m等深线外侧,与底层低氧水体分布区基本吻合。因此,硅藻藻华后沉降的藻类对于该海域夏季缺氧区的形成应具有一定作用,其具体过程和机制仍有待于研究。     

褐潮藻Aureococcus anophagefferens的危害研究进展

<正>褐潮(Brown tide)是一种有害藻华,目前已知的主要藻种为Aureococcus anophagefferens及Aureoumbra lagunensis,由于藻华期间海水呈褐色,因此被称为褐潮[1]。褐潮的爆发严重危害到海洋资源和贝类养殖业,并且影响到海洋生物的种群结构乃至整个海洋生态系统。在美国东海岸,褐潮导致当地海湾扇贝资源崩溃、硬壳蛤资源衰退和海草床生境退化等[2];     

温度、盐度和光照对一株有毒利玛原甲藻生长的影响研究

针对一株利玛原甲藻(Prorocentrum lima Dodge),应用小鼠生物测试法和高效液相色谱-质谱联用分析方法对其毒性和毒素成分进行了初步分析,并通过多因子实验,研究了温度、盐度和光照强度等环境因子对利玛原甲藻生长的影响.分析结果显示,这株利玛原甲藻能够产生大田软海绵酸(Okadaic acid,OA)和鳍藻毒素1(Dinophysistoxin 1,DTX1)等腹泻性贝-毒-(Diarrhetic Shellfish Poison,DSP).多因素方差分析结果表明,在实验条件范围内(温度为18、21和24℃;盐度为28、32和36;光照强度为2500、5 000和7 500 lx),利玛原甲藻的生长受盐度影响显著(P＜0.05),而温度和光照强度对利玛原甲藻的生长没有显著影响.温度和光照强度及温度和盐度之间的交互作用对利玛原甲藻的比增长率也有显著影响(P＜0.05).根据实验结果,这株利玛原甲藻生长的最适条件为:温度18℃,盐度28,光照强度7 500 lx.     

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea isolated from the East Asian waters

Previous studies found intraspecific diversity in Scrippsiella trochoidea A. R. Loeblich III, a widely distributed calcareous cyst-producing dinoflagellate. In this study, three strains (ST-1, ST-D6 and ST-K) of S. trochoidea isolated from the East Asian waters were studied, together with other geographical strains, to resolve their phylogenetic relationships. For the three East Asian isolates, two highly diverse regions of nuclear-encoded ribosomal DNA (rDNA), the 5.8S rDNA and its flanking internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2, and the 5' portion of the large-subunit rDNA (encompassing the "D1" and "D2" domains) were sequenced. Homologous sequences from other geographical isolates were selected from the GenBank database and the phylogenetic relationships were inferred from the molecular data of these strains. Strains of S. trochoidea were found to cluster into three major clades (STR1, STR2 and STR3), as reported in previous studies. Two of the three strains ST-1 and ST-K, were grouped in clade STR2, the other strain, ST-D6, belonged to clade STR3. The intraspecific diversity of S. trochoidea in East Asian waters makes it necessary to carry out phylogenetic investigations in combination with data of biogeography, population dynamics, and life cycle on the ecophysiology of a region.     

COMBINED EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, IRRADIANCE AND SALINITY ON GROWTH OF DIATOM SKELETONEMA COSTATUM

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＶａｒｉｏｕｓｃａｕｓａｔｉｖｅｆａｃｔｏｒｓ,ｓｕｃｈａｓｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓ,ｕｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｏａｓｔａｌｗａｔｅｒｓｆｏｒａｑｕａｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ,ｅｕｔｒｏｐｈｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｃｙｓｔｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔａｔｉｏｎ (Ｈａｌｌｅｇｒｅａｆｆｅｔａｌ.,1 995)ｈａｓｌｅｄｔｏｅｘｔｅｎｓ ｉｖｅｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｎｔｈｅｇｌｏｂａｌｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎＨＡＢ (ＨａｒｍｆｕｌＡｌｇａｌＢｌｏｏｍ) .ＹｅｔｔｈｅＨＡＢｍｅｃｈａｎｉ…     

Effects of four nitrogen substrates on growth of several red tide species

--Eight common red tide species including the Dinoflagellates Ale randrium tamarense,Prorocentrum minimum, Prorocentrum mican, Diatoms Skeletonema costatum , Cerataulina pelagica, Leptocylindrus minimus, a Raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo and a Chrysophyte Ivohrysis galbana were chosen to study the effect of four nitrogen substrates ( NO3 - N, NH4 - N, Urea - N,Mixed - N) on the growth of these algae. After two transfers, the results showed that at N concentration of 550μrnol, NO3 N was the best nitrogen source among these four nitrogen substrates; Urea - N and Mixed- N were also good for the growth of most algae, but not as good as NO3 - N for some species; NH4 - N inhibited the growth of all these species except H. akashiwo. At concentrations of 280 and 50 μmnol experiments on the growth of I. galbana, P. minimum and L. minimus in NH4 - N and NO3 - N substrates were also performed. The results showed that the growth rates of I. galbana were not significantly different from each other in NO3 - N and NH4 - N substrates both concentrations of 280 and 50 μmol. In concentration of 280μmol NH4 - N substrate, the growth rates of P.minimum and L. minimus were slower than in same concentration of NO3 - N; At concentration of 50μrmol , the growth rate of P. minimum in NH4 - N was not significantly different from that in NO3 - N, while the growth rate of L. minimus was only about 30% of that in NO3 - N substrate.The results indicated that each alga had its own preference in N-substrate and concentration, therefore,different nitrogen substrates may play a role in red tide formation.