西藏纳木错深水湖芯反映的8.4ka以来气候环境变化*

利用地震剖面仪和回声测深仪调查了纳木错大部分湖区的水深和沉积物厚度分布,并在湖区东部水深60m的湖盆利用PISTON采样器获得一个332cm长的钻孔。对该钻孔进行了12个 AMS ¹⁴ C年代测定,并进行了日历年龄校正和"碳库"效应估算,根据沉积物平均粒径建立了整个钻孔的深度-年代模式。对该钻孔进行了有机碳、总氮、正构烷烃、粒度、元素地球化学、碳酸钙和矿物等环境指标的分析,结果显示8.4ka以来湖区环境变化可以分为明显的3个阶段。早期约8400 ~6400aB.P. ,以温度缓慢下降为主,但在8100 ~7800aB.P.出现一次显著的冷干事件; 中期为6400 ~2900aB.P. ,其开始显示了温暖湿润的环境特点,在6000aB.P.左右出现最强的暖湿特征后其后期转向冷干,在3000 ~2900aB.P.达到寒冷和干旱的低谷,反映了新冰期时期的温度强烈下降和降水的分配不均; 晚期从2900aB.P. 到现在,尽管温度出现回升,但总体上显示了向冷干波动变化的趋势,期间第一次降温在 1800 ~1600aB.P. ,之后温度回升后在600 ~300aB.P.再次下降,前者反映了公元初期的降温,后者则是小冰期的反映。     

汶川地震房屋倒塌的遥感监测与分析

地震灾害中房屋倒塌受害程度表征了地震作用下地面运动的强度大小以及地震灾害造成的人员经济损失状况。2008-05-12汶川大地震震级高达八级,最大烈度接近极限达11(Ⅺ)度,波及区域范围广,造成大面积房屋倒塌。利用航空高分辨率光学遥感图像,基于房屋倒塌的图像目视判读及插值方法获取了大面积受灾区房屋倒塌灾情信息,结合灾区地震烈度和地震地表破裂带相关数据对房屋倒塌受害程度的空间变化特征进行了分析与评价。判明在汶川地震灾区房屋普遍受害,其中以汶川县房屋倒塌受害最重,其次是绵竹市、什邡市、彭州市。房倒率与地震烈度成线性对应关系,房屋倒塌严重区沿龙门山断裂呈西南-东北向分布。     

纳木错流域近30年来湖泊-冰川变化对气候的响应

Based upon the 1970 aero-photo topographic map, and TM/ETM satellite images taken in 1991 and 2000, the authors artificially interpreted boundaries of lake and glaciers in Nam Co Catchment, and quantified lake-glacier area variations in different stages by "inte-grated method" with the support of GIS. Results show that from 1970 to 2000, lake area in-creased from 1942.34 km2 to 1979.79 km2 at a rate of 1.27 km2/a, while glacier area de-creased from 167.62 km2 to 141.88 km2 at a rate of 0.86 km2/a. The increasing rate of lake in 1991-2000 was 1.76 km2/a that was faster than 1.03 km2/a in 1970-1991, while in the same period of time, the shrinking rates of glaciers were 0.97 km2/a and 0.80 km2/a respectively.Important factors, relevant to lake and glacier response to the climate, such as air tempera-ture, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and their values in warm and cold seasons,were discussed. The result suggests that temperature increasing is the main reason for the accelerated melting of glaciers. Lake expansion is mainly induced by the increase of the gla-cier melting water, increase of precipitation and obvious decrease of potential evapotranspi-ration. Precipitation, evaporation and their linkages with lake enlargement on regional scale need to be thoroughly studied under the background of global warming and glacier retreating.     

长时序大范围内陆水体光学遥感研究进展

地球表面的江河、湖泊和水库等内陆水体是水资源的主要组成部分,由气候变化和人类活动所引起的内陆水体分布和水质时空变化等问题已成为各国科学家和政府关注的热点.相比常规实地采样监测手段,卫星遥感在长时序、大范围内陆水体监测方面具有重要优势.受到海洋水色遥感理论和方法的推动,同时也得益于内陆水体光学特性数据的不断积累,近年来内...