近10年来中国农村居民点用地时空特征

利用20世纪90年代中国1:10万土地利用动态变化数据,利用单元自动机和人工神经网络模型对中国农村居民点用地进行了区划。在此基础上,研究了90年代中国农村居民点用地动态变化时空格局。研究表明,农村居民点用地受区域位置、经济发展和国家政策的影响。90年代前5年,受沿海开放政策和经济高速发展的影响,长江三角洲、珠江三角洲和华北平原农村居民点用地扩展较快,中西部地区农村居民点用地扩展较慢;90年代后5年,在沿海地区经济发展速度放慢和国家实施耕地资源保护条例的情况下,沿海地区农村居民点用地扩张受到抑制,西部地区扩展加快。90年代中国经济体制处于由计划经济向市场经济转轨的过程中,农村居民点用地的动态变化格局受到经济发展和土地利用政策的深刻影响。     

2015—2020年中国土地利用变化遥感制图及时空特征分析

持续地开展国家尺度土地利用/覆盖变化遥感监测对于新时代国土空间规划和“美丽中国”蓝图绘制具有重要的科学价值。本文采用Landsat 8 OLI、GF-2等卫星遥感数据,融合遥感大数据云计算和专家知识辅助人机交互解译方法,研发了中国土地利用变化（2015—2020年）和2020年土地利用现状矢量数据（CLUD 2020）,建立了完整的30 a（20世纪80年代末—2020年）每隔5 a的30 m分辨率中国土地利用动态数据库。基于CLUD 2020数据,从全国和区域两个尺度揭示了2015—2020年中国土地利用变化的总体规律、区域分异和主要特征。研究表明：将遥感大数据云计算生成的30 m分辨率植被覆盖变化和地表类型变化检测信息融入到人机交互遥感解译方法,可有效地提高大范围土地利用变化遥感制图的效率和变化图斑辨识的准确性;精度评价表明,CLUD 2020一级类型制图的综合精度达95%。总体上,全国范围内国土空间开发强度与2010—2015年比较进入相对稳定状态。期间全国耕地面积仍保持减少态势,空间分异特征为耕地南减北增,东北松嫩平原及其与三江平原交界区大规模的旱地向水田转移,西北新疆南部开垦和北部退耕/撂荒并存;全国城乡建设用地持续增加,空间分异特征表现为由以往的沿海地区和超大、大城市集聚转向中西部地区的大中小城镇周边蔓延为主。全国范围的林草自然生态用地面积持续减少,但强度与2010—2015年比较有所下降;受气候变化的持续影响,青藏高原地区的河流湖泊等水域面积显著增加。以上土地利用变化格局与“十三五”期间国家高质量发展、生态文明建设宏观战略和气候变化的影响密切相关。     

国际地图学协会第20届年会国家与区域地图集专业委员会学术会欢迎辞（英文）

Ladies and Gentlemen: Chairpersons : I'm very pleased to be present on the Seminar of ICA Commission on National And Regional Atlases. On behalf of myself and all the staff in our institute, I'm now expressing three words.     

20世纪80年代以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局(英文)

Land-use/land-cover changes(LUCCs) have links to both human and nature interactions. China's Land-Use/cover Datasets(CLUDs) were updated regularly at 5-year intervals from the late 1980s to 2010, with standard procedures based on Landsat TM\ETM+ images. A land-use dynamic regionalization method was proposed to analyze major land-use conversions. The spatiotemporal characteristics, differences, and causes of land-use changes at a national scale were then examined. The main findings are summarized as follows. Land-use changes(LUCs) across China indicated a significant variation in spatial and temporal characteristics in the last 20 years(1990–2010). The area of cropland change decreased in the south and increased in the north, but the total area remained almost unchanged. The reclaimed cropland was shifted from the northeast to the northwest. The built-up lands expanded rapidly, were mainly distributed in the east, and gradually spread out to central and western China. Woodland decreased first, and then increased, but desert area was the opposite. Grassland continued decreasing. Different spatial patterns of LUC in China were found between the late 20th century and the early 21st century. The original 13 LUC zones were replaced by 15 units with changes of boundaries in some zones. The main spatial characteristics of these changes included(1) an accelerated expansion of built-up land in theHuang-Huai-Hai region, the southeastern coastal areas, the midstream area of the Yangtze River, and the Sichuan Basin;(2) shifted land reclamation in the north from northeast China and eastern Inner Mongolia to the oasis agricultural areas in northwest China;(3) continuous transformation from rain-fed farmlands in northeast China to paddy fields; and(4) effectiveness of the "Grain for Green" project in the southern agricultural–pastoral ecotones of Inner Mongolia, the Loess Plateau, and southwestern mountainous areas. In the last two decades, although climate change in the north affected the change in cropland, policy regulation and economic driving forces were still the primary causes of LUC across China. During the first decade of the 21st century, the anthropogenic factors that drove variations in land-use patterns have shifted the emphasis from one-way land development to both development and conservation. The "dynamic regionalization method" was used to analyze changes in the spatial patterns of zoning boundaries, the internal characteristics of zones, and the growth and decrease of units. The results revealed "the pattern of the change process," namely the process of LUC and regional differences in characteristics at different stages. The growth and decrease of zones during this dynamic LUC zoning, variations in unit boundaries, and the characteristics of change intensities between the former and latter decades were examined. The patterns of alternative transformation between the "pattern" and "process" of land use and the causes for changes in different types and different regions of land use were explored.     

1990–2010年中国土地覆被变化引起反照率改变的辐射强迫(英文)

Land cover change affects surface radiation budget and energy balance by changing surface albedo and further impacts the regional and global climate. In this article, high spatial and temporal resolution satellite products were used to analyze the driving mechanism for surface albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990–2010. In addition, the annual-scale radiative forcing caused by surface albedo changes in China's 50 ecological regions were calculated to reveal the biophysical mechanisms of land cover change affecting climate change at regional scale. Our results showed that the national land cover changes were mainly caused by land reclamation, grassland desertification and urbanization in past 20 years, which were almost induced by anthropogenic activities. Grassland and forest area decreased by 0.60% and 0.11%, respectively. The area of urban and farmland increased by 0.60% and 0.19%, respectively. The mean radiative forcing caused by land cover changes during 1990–2010 was 0.062 W/m2 in China, indicating a warming climate effect. However, spatial heterogeneity of radiative forcing was huge among different ecological regions. Farmland conversing to urban construction land, the main type of land cover change for the urban and suburban agricultural ecological region in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, caused an albedo reduction by 0.00456 and a maximum positive radiative forcing of 0.863 W/m2, which was presented as warming climate effects. Grassland and forest conversing to farmland, the main type of land cover change for the temperate humid agricultural and wetland ecological region in Sanjiang Plain, caused an albedo increase by 0.00152 and a maximum negative radiative forcing of 0.184 W/m2, implying cooling climate effects.     

土壤碳蓄积量变化的影响因素研究现状

土壤碳库的动态平衡影响作物产量和土壤肥力的高低，是土壤肥力保持和提高的重要研究内容。简要评述了土壤理化特性、温度和降水变化、大气CO₂浓度上升、人类的农业活动对土壤有机碳蓄积量的影响，介绍了当前对土壤碳蓄积量动态变化的研究进展，认为应加强气候变化和土地利用/土地覆被变化与土壤碳循环研究的结合，提高对陆地生态系统碳循环变化的认识，并需要从生态环境保护的利益和可持续发展的理论出发，进一步加强土地管理方式的改变，促进土壤有机质的积累，提高土壤对碳的固定。     

1990-2010年中国土地覆被变化引起反照率改变的辐射强迫

土地覆被变化通过改变地表反照率而影响地表辐射收支与能量平衡,从而对区域和全球气候产生影响。本文利用高时空分辨率遥感数据分析1990-2010 年中国土地覆被变化改变地表反照率的时空驱动机制,并计算全国50 个生态区地表反照率变化导致的年际尺度辐射强迫,揭示土地覆被变化在生态区尺度上影响气候变化的生物地球物理机制。结果表明:1990-2010 年全国土地覆被变化以耕地开垦、草地沙化、城市化等人类土地利用活动导致的土地覆被变化最为明显,全国草地与林地面积分别减少了0.60%和0.11%;建设用地和耕地面积分别增加了0.60%和0.19%。全国土地覆被变化通过改变地表反照率引起的平均辐射强迫为0.062 W/m²,表现为增温的气候效应,但在生态区尺度辐射强迫空间差异很大。京津唐城镇与农城郊农业生态区主要土地覆被变化为耕地转为建设用地,引起地表反照率降低了0.00456,产生0.863 W/m²的辐射强迫,表现为增温的气候效应;而三江平原温带湿润农业与湿地生态区主要的土地覆被变化为林草地转为耕地,引起地表反照率升高了0.00152,产生-0.184 W/m²的辐射强迫,表现为降温的气候效应。     

基于RWEQ的20世纪90年代以来内蒙古锡林郭勒盟土壤风蚀研究

土壤风蚀是中国北方地区重要的生态环境问题。锡林郭勒盟位于中国干旱、半干旱地区,是中国北方典型风蚀区,其特殊的地理位置又使得本区成为华北重要的生态屏障,为此锡林郭勒盟全区均划入了京津风沙源治理工程区。为了更好地阐明锡林郭勒盟的土壤风力侵蚀过程,指导区域的荒漠化防治,,基于气象、遥感数据,利用RWEQ模型定量分析了20 世纪90 年代以来锡林郭勒盟的土壤风蚀时空格局,揭示土壤风蚀的主要影响因素。研究表明：锡林郭勒盟多年平均土壤风蚀量为3.39 亿t。土壤风蚀强度以微度和轻度为主,主要集中在植被较好,风蚀力较低,降雨量较高,雪被覆盖地表时间较长的东、中部地区以及南部地区。侵蚀强度为中度以上的侵蚀区集中在苏尼特右旗、正镶白旗和正蓝旗的浑善达克沙地;90 年代以来,锡林郭勒盟的土壤风蚀强度总体上呈减弱趋势,主要与风场强度的减弱,植被盖度等的变化有关。土壤风蚀多发生于风蚀力较大的春季,风蚀强度较大区域的春季植被盖度与风蚀量呈显著负相关（r>0.7,p<0.01）,且近20 年植被盖度提升有效降低了该区域的土壤风蚀。     

MODIS大气产品的光合有效辐射估算研究

利用气溶胶、水汽、云以及臭氧等MODIS标准大气产品,在简单辐射传输模型基础上估算青藏高原光合有效辐射,经验证估算的光合有效辐射与实测数据存在显著的线性相关,相关系数在0.8—0.9之间,最大误差为13%。经过敏感性分析发现云层厚度、气溶胶含量以及大气压力对光合有效辐射的影响大。臭氧和水汽含量的变化不敏感。云层厚度、Angstrom浑浊度系数和大气压力分别变化30%、25%和15%时,光合有效辐射变化分别为20%、5%和5%。     

中国城市群分布及范围的定量评价(英文)

Urban clusters are the expected products of high levels of industry and urbanization in a country, as well as being the basic units of participation in global competition. With respect to China, urban clusters are regarded as the dominant formation for boosting the Chinese urbanization process. However, to date, there is no coincident, efficient, and credible methodological system and set of techniques to identify Chinese urban clusters. This research investigates the potential of a computerized identification method supported by geographic information techniques to provide a better understanding of the distribution of Chinese urban clusters. The identification method is executed based on a geographic information database, a digital elevation model, and socio-economic data with the aid of ArcInfo Macro Language programming. In the method, preliminary boundaries are identified accord-ing to transportation accessibility, and final identifications are achieved from limiting city numbers, population, and GDP in a region with the aid of the rasterized socio-economic dataset. The results show that the method identifies nine Chinese urban clusters, i.e., Pearl River Delta, Lower Yangtze River Valley, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, Northeast China Plain, Middle Yangtze River Valley, Central China Plains, Western Taiwan Strait, Guanzhong and Chengdu-Chongqing urban clusters. This research represents the first study involving the computerized identification of Chinese urban clusters. Moreover, compared to other related studies, the study’s approach, which combines transportation accessibility and socio-economic characteristics, is shown to be a distinct, effective and reliable way of identifying urban clusters.