天山北麓山地-绿洲-荒漠生态系统净初级生产力空间分布格局及其季节变化

以天山北麓总面积达93 936 km~2的山地-绿洲-荒漠生态样带为例,利用生态-遥感光能利用率模型NPP-PEM,使用1 km分辨率SPOT/VEGETATION遥感等数据资料,估算了生态样带净初级生产力(NPP)空间分布及其季节变化.结果表明山地-绿洲-荒漠生态样带平均NPP为161.06 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1),样带陆地生态系统年总碳吸收量或年总NPP累积量为15.081 Tg C(1Tg=10~(12)g),其中绿洲农田、山地草甸草原、平原荒漠草原和山地森林对的碳吸收贡献率分别为32.67%、28.16%、12.41%和9.15%.夏季是各类生态系统NPP增加量最大的季节,而沙漠由于早春短命植被覆盖而具有生长双峰现象.样带NPP空间分布及其季相变化特征是自然环境、地貌、气候以及人类生产活动长期共同作用和影响的结果,其中水热条件和基质是控制干旱区陆地生态系统NPP空间格局的决定因子.结果检验表明模拟效果较为合理,证明NPP-PEM模型在干旱生态系统的应用是可行的.研究为干旱区陆地生态系统碳循环研究开辟了途径,可为干旱区生态系统评估、监测和管理提供研究方法和参考依据.     

循环荷载下双曲线模型修正土体一维固结解

假定土体的应力-应变关系满足双曲线模型、渗透系数的降低与压缩系数的减小成正比以及初始有效应力沿深度均匀分布,推导出任意荷载下单层地基的非线性一维固结方程。结合具体的定解条件采用分离变量法求出土体有效应力的通解,并进一步求出超静孔隙水压力、按沉降定义的平均固结度Us以及按孔隙水压力定义的平均固结度Up的通解。根据通解求出梯形低频循环荷载作用下的解,并找出循环荷载作用下土体固结性状的影响因素。基于循环荷载作用下的解,采用FORTRAN语言编制了计算程序,计算并分析考虑土体本构关系非线性时的固结性状,以及反映土体本构特征的参数E和n对固结性状的影响。计算结果表明：①Us稍大于Up;②距排水平面越近,附加有效应力受加载方式的影响越明显,距排水平面越远则相反;③E和n对Us的影响很小,可以忽略不计;④E和n对Up和附加有效应力的影响较大且不容忽略。     

浅析城市边缘区的特征与功能——以兰州市为例

随着城市的发展,城乡相互作用不断加强,在城市郊区出现了城乡要素逐渐过渡的新型地域实体——城市边缘区。在借鉴国内外学者对城市边缘区的认识和相关概念的基础上,以兰州市为例,构建了边缘区界定的指标体系,利用"断裂点法"对城市边缘区范围进行界定,同时对边缘区的特征、功能和存在的问题进行了系统总结,并提出了边缘区的发展趋势。     

Slope wavenumber spectrum models of capillary and capillary-gravity waves

Capillary and capillary-gravity waves possess a random character, and the slope wavenumber spectra of them can be used to represent mean distributions of wave energy with respect to spatial scale of variability. But simple and practical models of the slope wavenumber spectra have not been put forward so far. In this article, we address the accurate definition of the slope wavenumber spectra of water surface capillary and capillary-gravity waves. By combining the existing slope wavenumber models and using the dispersion relation of water surface waves, we derive the slope wavenumber spectrum models of capillary and capillary-gravity waves. Simultaneously, by using the slope wavenumber models, the dependence of the slope wavenumber spectrum on wind speed is analyzed using data obtained in an experiment which was performed in a laboratory wind wave tank. Generally speaking, the slope wavenumber spectra are influenced profoundly by the wind speed above water surface. The slope wavenumber spectrum increases with wind speed obviously and do not cross each other for different wind speeds. But, for the same wind speed, the slope wavenumber spectra are essentially identical, even though the capillary and capillary-gravity waves are excited at different times and locations. Furthermore, the slope wavenumber spectra obtained from the models agree quite well with experimental results as regards both the values and the shape of the curve.     

Slope wavenumber spectrum models of capillary and capillary-gravity waves

Capillary and capillary-gravity waves possess a random character, and the slope wavenumber spectra of them can be used to represent mean distributions of wave energy with respect to spatial scale of variability. But simple and practical models of the slope wavenumber spectra have not been put forward so far. In this article, we address the accurate definition of the slope wavenumber spectra of water surface capillary and capillary-gravity waves. By combining the existing slope wavenumber models and using the dispersion relation of water surface waves, we derive the slope wavenumber spectrum models of capillary and capillary-gravity waves. Simultaneously, by using the slope wavenumber models, the dependence of the slope wavenumber spectrum on wind speed is analyzed using data obtained in an experiment which was performed in a laboratory wind wave tank. Generally speaking, the slope wavenumber spectra are influenced profoundly by the wind speed above water surface. The slope wavenumber spectrum increases with wind speed obviously and do not cross each other for different wind speeds. But, for the same wind speed, the slope wavenumber spectra are essentially identical, even though the capillary and capillary-gravity waves are excited at different times and locations. Furthermore, the slope wavenumber spectra obtained from the models agree quite well with experimental results as regards both the values and the shape of the curve.     

鄂尔多斯盆地华池地区三叠系延长组长7段富有机质页岩岩相特征

鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长7油层组发育富有机质页岩和泥岩,目前已成为鄂尔多斯盆地页岩油气勘探的重要层位。综合岩心精细描述、薄片微观结构观察和粒度分析结果,将富有机质页岩和泥岩划分为黑色页岩岩相、纹层状泥岩岩相、粉砂质泥岩岩相。粉砂质泥岩岩相的脆性矿物含量高于黑色页岩岩相和纹层状泥岩岩相,后者比前者具有更高的黄铁矿含量,3种岩相的黏土矿物含量较接近。黑色页岩岩相有机质丰度高,有机质类型以I型干酪根为主,是最有利的富有机质岩相类型,其次为纹层状泥岩岩相。长7油层组沉积时期水体为分层的厌氧环境,有利于有机质的保存,低等水生生物是主要的母质来源。黑色页岩岩相和纹层状泥岩岩相形成于安静、缺少陆源碎屑影响的深湖环境下;粉砂质泥岩岩相形成于受陆源碎屑频繁影响的环境,有较多的陆源高等物质输入湖盆中,造成有机质类型复杂。将岩心精细描述和测井信息紧密结合,揭示了各类岩相纵向发育特征。受基准面变化和沉积物供给能力影响,长73以黑色页岩岩相和纹层状泥岩岩相为主,长72和长71以纹层状泥岩岩相和粉砂质泥岩岩相为主。长73暗色泥岩和页岩的岩相类型好,发育页理缝和纹层缝,有机质类型好、丰度高,是最有利的页岩油气勘探目的层系。     

贵州天柱磨山─油麻坳金矿化带地球化学特征及成矿作用

贵州天柱磨山油麻坳金矿化带地球化学特征及成矿作用＊张杰余大龙李明琴张先煜杨勇俊（贵州工业大学资源工程系，贵阳５５０００３）关键词金矿化带金矿地球化学金矿成矿作用黔东天柱本文主要研究了黔东天柱磨山—油麻坳金矿化带内主要类型岩石矿石的地质－地球化学特征，...     

身体告诉你缺啥营养

现代人工作繁忙．在吃饭这件事上总是放松警惕．常因不健康饮食导致体内缺乏必需的营养素．带来各种各样的问题。好在身体会发出“警告信号”来“抗议”你的不负责任。近日,美国《赫芬顿邮报》刊文指出,及时捕捉、察觉9种身体信号．可以得知身体缺啥营养．     

基于半监督学习的遥感影像分类训练样本时空拓展方法

针对无法直接获取训练样本的遥感影像分类问题,从满足条件的其他影像中选择替代训练样本是最直接的方法,但由于地物类型在不同影像中的辐射环境不同,导致替代训练样本对待分类影像的代表性较差,无法保证分类精度.以直推式支持向量机(transductive support vector machine,TSVM)分类为例,发展了一种基于半监督学习的遥感影像训练样本时空拓展方法.该方法采用非监督方法从待分类影像中选择大量未标记样本,挖掘各类地物在特征空间中的结构信息;以替代训练样本所拟合的分类面为初始面,通过自适应渐进式的优化,实现对待分类影像的高精度分类.该方法要求训练样本的来源影像与待分类影像具有相似的地物分布和相近的时相.以SPOT5和QuickBird影像分类为例,分别通过基于像元的和基于分割对象的分类实验证实,该文提出的方法可有效地实现训练样本的时空拓展应用.     

黄河流域夏季有效降水转化率

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及中国实测雨量资料,分析发现黄河流域夏季整层降水转化率普遍较低,因考虑到整层中应有某一气压层具有最有利的水汽输送、抬升凝结和垂直运动条件,由此将该气压层定义为有效降水转化率层(简称有效层),降水与有效层可降水量之比称为有效降水转化率。通过分析黄河流域夏季各分区垂直速度与水汽等因子,确定上、中、下游夏季有效层分别为地面~500hPa、600~400hPa、850~600hPa。对比分析表明:夏季各区平均水汽收支与降水转化率,各自在整层和有效层上的逐年演变趋势均一致,峰谷相对应,且49年间降水转化率在有效层上的数值均大于整层的。夏季有效降水转化率在青藏高原上空及中游东部最高,高原东北侧最低,旱、涝年与多年平均状况下的分布形式虽然一致,但涝年的数值明显大于旱年。