Observational evidence of the Yellow Sea warm current

The Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) is one of the principal currents in the Yellow Sea in winter. Former examinations on current activity in the Yellow Sea have not observed a stable YSWC because of the positioning of current meters. To further understand the YSWC, a research cruise in the southern Yellow Sea was carried out in the winter of 2006/2007. Five moorings with bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) were deployed on the western side of the central trough of the Yellow Sea. The existence and distributional features of the YSWC were studied by analyzing three ADCP moorings in the path of the YSWC in conjunction with conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) data over the observed area in the southern Yellow Sea. The results show the following. (1) The upper layer of the YSWC is strongly influenced by winter cold surge; its direction and speed often vary along a south-north axis when strong cold surges arrive from the north. (2) The YSWC near the bottom layer is a stable northwest flowing current with a speed of 4 to 10 cm/s. By combining the analyses of the CTD data, we speculate that the core of the YSWC may lie near the bottom. (3) On a monthly average timescale, the YSWC is stably oriented with northward flow from the sea surface to the sea floor.     

南海西南部巽他陆架底层冷水及其季节变化分析

本文利用历史水文观测数据研究了南海西南部巽他陆架水团特征,结果表明:(1)巽他陆架纳土纳群岛周围底层存在着低温高盐的冷水,该冷水沿地形爬升分为两支,一支可延伸至泰国湾,另一支伸向卡里马塔海峡;(2)巽他陆架底层冷水有明显的季节变化,该底层冷水在春季开始形成,夏季达到最强,秋季开始衰退,最后在冬季完全消失;(3)巽他陆架底层冷水来源于南海次表层水的涌升。夏季西南季风使陆架表层水向南海流动,有利于南海次表层低温高盐水沿地形向陆架爬升,此时底层冷水与表层水温差超过8°C。冬季东北季风,使南海表层水向陆架流动,海水在陆架堆积,从而阻止了南海次表层低温高盐水的爬升。     

普里兹湾附近绕极深层水和底层水及其运动特征

利用中国第15次南极科学考察科学考察队的CTD全深度观测资料(1998年11月至1999年2月),分析并讨论了普里兹湾以北的南大洋海域内,绕极深层水(CDW)和南极底层水(AABW)的物理特性及其空间分布.同时还与历史上其他学者的发现进行了比较.指出了在研究海域内,CDW在100～2000m之间从北向南扩展,其高温核(t>1.2℃)和高盐核(S>34.7)在75°E断面上最为深厚,向南扩展得最远;而AABW则在2500m以深由陆坡底部向北扩展,σ_θ>27.875的高密度水体在70°E断面上最为深厚,向北扩展得最远.此外还通过实测的CTD资料证实了CDW和AABW的经向环流特征,以及它们与迪肯流环(Deaconcell)、亚极地流环和深层流环的一致性.     

台风过境对黄海冷水团及其环流结构的影响

台风能够对黄海的水文结构及人民群众的生产生活产生重要的影响,严重威胁了人们的生命财产安全。利用ROMS(regional ocean modeling system)模式,分析了台风"灿鸿"在过境黄海期间对黄海温度及环流结构的影响过程。结果表明,台风期间强烈的风致混合能够使温跃层的深度增大,强度减弱,同时,使得近岸的底层温度迅速升高,推动底层的温度锋面向黄海内区移动。台风过境也会对黄海冷水团环流产生重要的影响,台风过境前,混合层中的北向流会迅速加深增强,同时伴随着混合层及温跃层的下移,从而使得黄海冷水团环流的流核下移至跃层以下。当台风过境时,黄海上空的气旋式风场会加剧黄海上层的气旋式环流,导致黄海冷水团环流的流幅及流量迅速增加。当台风登陆后,黄海上层的温度及黄海冷水团环流的结构开始逐渐恢复。     

吕宋海峡不同湍流估算方法的应用对比研究

由于湍流混合直接观测技术难度大、成本高,很大程度限制湍流混合的研究,所以基于温、盐、流资料估算海洋湍流混合的方法应运而生。本文应用在吕宋海峡观测到的23个自由下降微结构湍流剖面仪观测数据和水文观测数据,首次对目前常用的Gregg-Henyey-Polzin(GHP)细尺度参数化、Mackinnon and Gregg(MG)参数化和Thorpe尺度方法进行比较研究,评估它们的适用性。发现GHP参数化方法能够很好地估算吕宋海峡的湍流混合。虽然GHP参数化方法估算的耗散率总体上要偏弱于观测的结果,但估算和观测的差异在2倍以内的结果占71%,与微结构湍流剖面仪观测到的耗散率在水平分布和垂向分布上呈现出相同的分布特征。基于MG参数化方法发现估算的吕宋海峡西侧1200m以浅的耗散率比观测值大,但总体上呈现出相同的分布特征。另外,MG参数化估算与观测差异在2倍以内的结果占58%。表明相比于GHP参数化方法,MG参数化方法的估算值更偏离观测值。Thorpe尺度方法在估算吕宋海峡的耗散率时,估算和观测的差异在2倍以内的结果仅有30%,70%的估算结果与观测结果相差高出1个量级,空间分布上与观测结果差异较大。对比吕宋海峡湍流混合参数化方法的结果表明GHP参数化方法最优,MG参数化方法其次,Thorpe尺度方法相对GHP和MG参数化方法较差。     

苏北浅滩及长江口海域春季海表面温度长期升温机制分析

在1982—2016年,苏北浅滩及长江口海域春季海表面温度主要呈现出从南至北、从近岸至离岸升温趋势逐渐减小的特征,其中长江口附近海域升温速率最大。研究显示,苏北浅滩及长江口附近海域春季海表面温度的长期升温趋势主要与该海域经向热输送及长江平流热输送的增强有关。进一步的研究发现,春季经向风速的增强导致该海域经向热输送的增加,而春季经向风速的年际及年代际变率又受到太平洋年代际振荡、北极涛动的调控,其中,太平洋年代际振荡指数与经向风速呈负相关,北极涛动指数与经向风速呈正相关,北极涛动指数的年际增加以及太平洋年代际振荡指数的年际降低使得春季南风增强,进而南向的冷平流减弱,北向的热平流增强,使该海域春季海表面温度长期升温。在此过程中,净热通量对其升温过程起到抑制作用,而前冬海温主要是对春季海表面温度的年代际振荡产生重要影响,其主要体现为1982—1999年的升温及2000—2016年的降温过程。     

深海综合观测浮标研制及其在热带西太平洋的应用

目前尽管国内近海浮标实现了产品化,但深远海尚无定型可靠的深海综合观测浮标系统,基于此,中国科学院海洋研究所设计制作了深海综合观测浮标系统,其浮标体为柱台型结构,采用单点锚泊系留。整个系统主要由浮标体、系留子系统、观测子系统、数据采集处理控制子系统、通信子系统、供电子系统、检测子系统、安全报警子系统和岸基数据接收处理子系统等9部分组成。浮标系统通过搭载不同类型的传感器,实现对风速/风向、气温、相对湿度、气压、能见度、雨量、波浪、表层水温、表层盐度、表层溶解氧、表层叶绿素、表层浊度、剖面流速流向、剖面温盐深（最大深度可达1 000 m）、方位及浮标位置等要素进行实时观测,从而完成对海洋气象、水文和水质等要素的长期、连续、自动监测,并支持铱星和北斗等卫星通信方式,将观测数据实时的传输到岸基数据接收处理系统。近年来,深海综合观测浮标系统在热带西太平洋海域连续进行了4次海上应用,每次应用时间长达1 a。它提供了第一手的大洋上层和海气界面长时间序列的实时连续观测资料,促进了关于气候变化和深海大洋的研究工作。所研制的深海浮标达到目前国际同类产品（美国ATLAS浮标、日本TRITON浮标）的先进水平,并且在水下感应耦合传输等方面进行了创新,形成了自有特色。     

Upper layer waters and their northward extension from Prydz Bay in summer

In this paper, CTD observational data obtained during the 15th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE-15) in the Southern Ocean are used to analyse and study water mass distribution in the Prydz Bay and its adjacent seas. The area, depth, and the thermohaline characteristics are identified for the Prydz Bay summer coastal surface water, the Prydz Bay winter water, the Prydz Bay shelf water, and the circumpolar deep water. Based on the above discussion, the northward extention of the Prydz Bay shelf water are found. Then the thermodynamic and the dynamic characteristics are further discussed, dealing with the inversion layer depth of the water temperature, the locations of the minima of the vertical temperature distribution and the temperature vertical gradient in the water column, the baraclinicity, and the effect of Coriolis deflection force.     

Impact of climatic change on sea surface temperature variation in Subei coastal waters,East China

Sea surface temperature （SST） variation in the Subei coastal waters, East China, which is important for the ecological environment of the Yellow Sea where Enteromorphaprolifera blooms frequently, is affected by the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM）, El Nifio-Southem Oscillation （ENSO）, and Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO）. In this study, correlations between climatic events and SST anomalies （SSTA） around the Subei （North Jiangsu Province, East China） Coast from 1981-2012 are analyzed, using empirical orthogonal function （EOF） and correlation analyses. First, a key region was determined by EOF analysis to represent the Subei coastal waters. Then, coherency analyses were performed on this key region. According to the correlation analysis, the EAWM index has a positive correlation with the spring and summer SSTA of the key region. Furthermore, the Nifio3.4 index is negatively correlated with the spring and summer SSTA of the key region 1 year ahead, and the PDO has significant negative coherency with spring SSTA and negative coherency with summer SSTA in the key region 1 year ahead. Overall, PDO exhibits the most significant impact on SSTA of the key region. In the key region, all these factors are correlated more significantly with SSTA in spring than in summer. This suggests that outbreaks ofEnteromorpha prolifera in the Yellow Sea are affected by global climatic changes, especially the PDO.     

黄海西部海洋湍流的季节变化特征分析

在2006—2007年开展的"中国近海海洋综合调查与评价"项目中,作者利用自由下降湍流剖面仪MSS60在南黄海海区分别进行了夏、冬、秋季三个航次的微尺度湍流观测,并计算分析了该海区的湍动能耗散系数ε,湍扩散系数κ等。通过与温度、流速分布图对比,结果表明三个季节的湍流混合趋势大体一致。在沿岸浅水区,混合作用比较强烈。而深水区湍流混合的垂直分布明显地表现出三层结构,混合较强的上混合层和底混合层,及相对较弱的中层。风混合和潮混合是黄海湍流混合的主要形式。风的影响主要表现在海洋上层,潮流的影响则表现于底层。