Analytical solutions of one‐dimensional infiltration before and after ponding

This paper is a continuation of previous research, which obtained a convenient solution for arbitrary surface fluxes before ponding. By means of Fourier Transformation this has been extended to derive analytical solutions of a linearized Richards' equation for arbitrary input fluxes after surface saturation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

伊敏五牧场区煤质特征及变质规律

伊敏五牧场区存在着从褐煤到贫煤完整的变质系列,其主要煤变质类型为接触变质.在本区煤系地层底部有一酸性侵入岩体,该侵入岩体是引起本区煤变质的直接热源,它提供了褐煤向烟煤转化的热动力.本区出现的隐爆角砾岩也是受热不均匀或热叠加造成煤类复杂多变的原因.区内构造十分发育,构造条件是煤变质的又一主要因素.研究该区煤变质规律对伊敏煤田及海拉尔褐煤盆地烟煤预测具有指导作用.     

含煤盆地煤储层后期改造形式及对煤层气选区影响--以华北克拉通选区为例

阐述了改造型含煤盆地煤储层被改造的两种形式；煤体结构的改造及构造煤的形成原因；后生充填物对煤层孔隙的改造及形成原因。提出了以构造煤发育程度作为改造型含煤盆地改造强度的一个指标。概述了华北克拉通盆地由中生代剪压应力转化为新生代剪张应力和拉张应力，而在盆地内形成以挤压构造为主到伸展构造为主的演化历程，及不同构造类型的区域分布，指出这种演化极易形成构造煤和后生充填物。提出将华北克拉通含煤盆地分为3种改造类型及其分布区域，分析了各自区域的煤储层物性及对煤层气开发选区的影响。提出应重视鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗纪煤层的煤层气．研究与开发．     

西藏狮泉河地区高钾-钾玄质火山岩的岩石学、地球化学及锆石U-Pb年龄

报道的高钾-钾玄质火山岩位于狮泉河镇南东方向约20km处,向东延伸。高钾-钾玄质火山岩SiO2变化于60.35%~68.68%之间,属中酸性岩范畴;具有高的K2O+Na2O含量（8.8%~10.66%）,K2O/Na2O值在1.92~2.49之间,MgO含量较低,介于0.88%~3.47%之间,Al2O3含量为14.02%~14.91%,属于高钾-钾玄质系列。岩石强烈富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）Rb、Ba、Th、U和轻稀土元素（LREE）,高场强元素（HFSE）Nb、Ta、Ti具有明显负异常,Cr、Ni、Co相容元素含量低于或接近地壳的平均含量,结合Th/Yb-Ta/Yb、（Th×100）/Zr-（Nb×100）/Zr判别图及La-La/Yb图解,暗示岩浆源区可能为下地壳。在左左乡南东约2km处和狮泉河水泥厂北东约1km处各采集1个高钾-钾玄质火山岩样品,对其中的锆石进行LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素测定,得到的206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值分别为22.04±0.42Ma和22.29±0.31Ma,此年龄被解释为狮泉河一带高钾-钾玄质火山岩的喷发时代,即中新世阿启塔期。由此表明,该火山岩是印度板片向北俯冲时在狮泉河一带俯冲板片断离,岩浆发生部分熔融的产物。     

形变标定格值计算软件

为提高地壳形变观测仪器格值标定的真实性、准确性和可靠性,根据《地震前兆台网运行管理办法》和《地震前兆台网形变观测与运行工作细则》,针对不同测项、不同仪器标定的规范要求及特点,应用Visual Basic语言编制了格值计算软件。本文主要介绍了软件的使用、格值计算、误差检查方法,结果以全国形变台网中心推荐的Word格式保存。对水管仪、水平摆、垂直摆仪直接从原始文件读取数据,提高了标定精度,实现了格值标定的半自动化。本软件已应用于河北省地震前兆数字化台站工作。     

自动高精度测距系统

介绍了自动高精度测距系统。该系统能以５×１０－７的测距精度测定多个观测点的形变，可作为跨断层动态连续观测的新仪器。     

Exopolysaccharide production by four cyanobacterial isolates and preliminary identification of these isolates

Four marine cyanobacterial isolates, named 104, 109, 113 and 115, from marine water off China＇s coast can release a large amount of exopolysaccharide （EPS） to medium. The effects of different components in medium on EPS production by the four isolates were investigated. Under the optimal condition, the EPS released by isolates 104,109, 113 and 115 reached 7.48 g L^-1, 8.33 g L^-1, 18.26 g L^-1, and 6.78 g L^-1 within 14 d,respectively. Based on the conventional identification methods for cyanobacteria,these isolates were assigned to genus Cyanothece.     

Properties and organic activation of ocean clay in the East Pacific

In order to make use of ocean clay reasonably and excavate its potential applications the properties of ocean clay in Chinese investigating area of the East Pacific have been tested with the chemical analysis, XRFS, ICP/MAS, granulometry and SSA, etc. The results show that the clay sediments of this area are rich in clay minerals, fine granularity, bigger SSA, bigger water absorbability and lower ion changing ability etc. To improve the adaptability of ocean clay and macromolecule materials, using the dry milling method with silane, aluminate, stearic acid coupling agents etc the properties of ocean clay are improved. The effect has been evaluated by testing the water absorbing of the modified ocean clay and their dispersing in paraffin liquid. The result is that KH550 is better than any other active reagents, and the best activation technics is that 1.5% (volume) of KH550 quantity, 20min of milling time. The DTA, XRD, SEM and IR analyses and SSA testing show that the organic activation can not change the mineral structure but can densify the structure of clay, and activation mechanism is chemical covered mainly and chemical combined secondly.     

Effects of stocking density on the growth and immunity of Atlantic salmon salmo salar reared in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS)

Atlantic salmon reared in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) may lead to inappropriately high stocking density, because fish live in a limited space. Finding the suitable stocking density of Atlantic salmon reared in RAS is very important for RAS industry. In this paper, the influence of stocking density on growth and some stress related physiological factors were investigated to evaluate the effects of stocking density. The fish were reared for 220 days at five densities (A: 24 kg/m³; B: 21 kg/m³; C: 15 kg/m³; D: 9 kg/ m³ and E: 6 kg/m³ ). The results show that 30 kg/m³ might be the maximum density which RAS can afford in China. The stocking densities under 30 kg/m³ have no effect on mortality of Atlantic salmon reared in RAS. However, the specific growth rate (SGR), final weight and weight gain in the high density group were significantly lower than the lower density groups and middle density groups. Moreover, feed conversion rate (FCR) had a negative correlation with density. Plasma hormone T₃ and GH showed significant decrease with the increase of the stocking density of the experiment. Furthermore, thyroid hormone (T₃), GH (growth hormone) activities were decreased with stocking density increase. However, plasma cortisol, GOT (glutamic oxalacetic transaminase) and GPT (glutamic pyruvic transaminase) activities were increase with stocking density increase. And the stocking density has no effects on plasma lysozyme of Atlantic salmon reared in RAS. These investigations would also help devise efficient ways to rear adult Atlantic salmon in China and may, in a way, help spread salmon mariculture in China.

     

Geographical impacts on social networks from perspectives of space and place: an empirical study using mobile phone data

Space and place are two fundamental concepts in geography. Geographical factors have long been known as drivers of many aspects of people’s social networks. But whether and how space and place affect social networks differently are still unclear. The widespread use of location-aware devices provides a novel source for distinguishing the mechanisms of their impacts on social networks. Using mobile phone data, this paper explores the effects of space and place on social networks. From the perspective of space, we confirm the distance decay effect in social networks, based on a comparison between synthetic social ties generated by a null model and actual social ties derived from real-world data. From the perspective of place, we introduce several measures to evaluate interactions between individuals and inspect the trio relationship including distance, spatio-temporal co-occurrence, and social ties. We found that people’s interaction is a more important factor than spatial proximity, indicating that the spatial factor has a stronger impact on social networks in place compared to that in space. Furthermore, we verify the hypothesis that interactions play an important role in strengthening friendships.