Occurrence modes and cleaning potential of sulfur and some trace elements in a high-sulfur coal from Pu’an coalfield,SW Guizhou,China

In this research, a float-sink test was applied to a Late Permian high-sulfur coal collected from Pu’an coalfield, Southwest in Guizhou, China. To investigate the occurrence modes and the mobility of various trace elements, as well as the cleaning potential of some harmful elements in density separation, coal quality parameters and concentrations of 46 elements of 7 density fractionated samples were determined and statistically analyzed. Results show that larger size and higher density fractions have higher total sulfur content and ash yield than the smaller and lower ones. In fact, most (74.39 %) of the total sulfur occurs in the inorganic matter. Affinity and correlation analysis show that Mo and Ni have apparently strong organic affinity, whereas Rh, Cs, Sr, Co, Nb, Zr, V, Ga, Sc, Be, Ge, Hf, Th, U, Ag, As, In, Cu, Cd, Ta, Li, TI, and Ba are mostly in the heavy fractions. Rare earth element (REE) patterns for the seven density fractions present good uniformity and show that they are of right-inclined pattern type characterized by Light REE (LREE, La ~ Eu) enrichment relative to Heavy REE (HREE, Gd ~ Lu) and pronounced negative δ _Eu anomalies. This suggests that REE was mainly derived from basalt-weathered materials. LRREE/HREE ratio variations reveal that LREE has stronger affinity with the organic matter relative to the HREE, while high LRREE/HREE in heavy fractions may be related to pyrite. Supposing the maximum sulfur content of the cleaned coal is 1.00 %, the theoretical removal ratios of Co, TI, and Ba are as high as 90.94, 93.73, and 92.29 %, respectively, while those of As, Ni and Mo are only 56.33, 48.85, and 45.05 %, respectively. As these figures change with different maximum sulfur contents required for the cleaned coal, not only the decrease of sulfur and ash in coal washing, but also the mobility of some harmful trace elements should be taken into consideration.     

Impact of impoundment on groundwater seepage in the Three Gorges Dam in China based on CFCs and stable isotopes

It is a common concern that the groundwater flow field caused by the Three Gorges Dam changes the regional seismic activity and environment. The changes in the seepage region could be effectively reflected through the analysis of the groundwater age using chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)-based techniques. In this study, the influences of the reservoir water on groundwater and the seepage region boundary of the reservoir were investigated using CFCs, stable isotopes, and water level in groundwater, reservoir water, and spring water during the water storage process of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The results show that the water supplied by the groundwater is older, whereas the water supplied by the reservoir and the springs is younger. With an increase in the water level of the reservoir, the water in well W3, which is located at the vice dam of the head region, becomes older due to the reservoir loading effect, whereas the water in well W4 become younger due to the lateral seepage of reservoir water. This finding indicates that the groundwater seepage regions in wells W3 and W4, which are located at upstream of the reservoir, are all influenced by the Three Gorges Reservoir. In contrast, the sampling points in the northern section of the Xiannvshan fault zone, which is farther from the dam, did not exhibit any direct hydraulic connection between the groundwater and the reservoir water; thus, the reservoir seepage effects may not affect the northern part of the Xiannvshan fault zone. These research results provide important reference data that can be used to analyze the effects of the Three Gorges reservoir storage on the regional environment.     

A tree-ring based precipitation reconstruction for the Mohe region in the northern Greater Higgnan Mountains,China, since AD 1724

August–July precipitation has been reconstructed back to AD 1724 for the Mohe region in the northern Greater Higgnan Mountains, China, using Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica tree-ring width. The reconstruction explains 39% of the variance in the precipitation observed from AD 1960–2008. Some droughts noted in historical documents are precisely captured in our reconstruction. Wet periods occurred during the periods of AD 1734–1785, AD 1805–1830, AD 1863–1880, AD 1922–1961, and AD 1983–1998; while the periods of AD 1786–1804, AD 1831–1862, AD 1881–1921, and AD 1962–1982 were relatively dry. Power spectral and wavelet analyses demonstrated the existence of significant 24-yr, 12-yr, and 2-yr cycles of variability. The results of the spatial correlations suggest that our reconstruction contains climatic signals for the southern Stanovoy Range and the northern Greater Higgnan Mountains. The positive correlations between the new reconstructed precipitation series and two precipitation reconstructions indicate that our precipitation reconstruction captures broad-scale regional climatic variations. A comparison between the weakening tendency of summer monsoon and the dry period of our reconstruction reveals that the annual precipitation in the Mohe region is partly influenced by the East Asian Summer Monsoon.     

应用GasBench Ⅱ-IRMS优化碳氧同位素分析方法

GasBenchⅡ-连续流稳定同位素质谱仪(IRMS)联用在线分析已成为碳酸盐碳氧同位素分析测试的常用方法,已有研究认为不同的实验条件直接影响δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O同位素测试结果的准确性。但这些报道未对该联用方法所涉及的实验条件进行综合分析。本文系统研究了GasBenchⅡ-IRMS法中各种实验条件(包括排空时间、反应温度、反应时间和色谱分离温度)对碳氧同位素测试结果的综合影响。结果表明:排空时间大于9 min可有效消除空气对测试结果的干扰,不同的反应温度和时间对碳氧同位素分析结果均有一定影响,经条件优化确定反应温度为72℃,反应时间为60 min,色谱分离温度为60℃。在优化的实验条件下,碳氧同位素分析精度分别优于0.03‰和0.05‰,达到了国际分析测试水平。同时,选择合适的同位素数据归一化方法可以进一步保证碳氧同位素测试结果的准确性和可靠性。通过分析近4000件实际样品,对比单一标准物质校准和双标准物质校准同位素归一化方法的计算结果,发现双标准物质校准偏差小于单一标准物质校准偏差,因此建议采用双标准物质校准法进行样品同位素标准化计算。本研究为GasBenchⅡ-IRMS联用技术中实验条件的选取提供了一定的参考,保证碳氧同位素测试结果的可靠性和准确性。同时提出,由于样品成分复杂且不均一,在分析实际样品时需要根据样品的性质进一步对实验条件进行考察。     

A Study on Crack Damage Stress Thresholds of Different Rock Types Based on Uniaxial Compression Tests

When rock samples are loaded until macroscopic fractures develop, the failure process can be divided into several stages based on axial and lateral strain responses or the acoustic emission sequence during uniaxial compression tests. Several stress thresholds may be identified: the crack closure stress σ _cc, crack initiation stress σ _ci, crack damage stress σ _cd, and uniaxial compressive strength σ _ucs; these may be used as a warning indicator for rock rupture. We investigated the crack damage stress σ _cd, its threshold, and a possible relationship between σ _cd and the uniaxial compressive strength. The σ _cd of different rock types were compiled from previous studies based on uniaxial compression tests. The results showed that the overall averages and standard deviations of σ _cd /σ _ucs for igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks were ~0.78 (±0.11), ~0.85 (±0.11), and ~0.73 (±0.18), respectively. There were no significant differences in σ _cd /σ _ucs between the different rock types, except that the sedimentary rock had a slightly larger standard deviation attributed to the variation of porosity in the samples, while the metamorphic rock had higher average σ _cd /σ _ucs resulting from the small statistical sample size. By excluding the higher-porosity (>10 %) rock samples, the averages and standard deviations of σ _cd /σ _ucs for igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks were ~0.78 (±0.09), ~0.85 (±0.09), and ~0.78 (±0.11), respectively. The results imply that the rock origin process (i.e., igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary) has a minimal effect on σ _cd /σ _ucs. The ratio σ _cd/σ _ucs could be an essential intrinsic property for low-porosity rocks, which could be used in rock engineering for predicting the failure process.     

青海湖裸鲤内脏发光细菌的分离和鉴定

2009-2013年,从青海湖裸鲤内脏器官中共分离获得6株发光细菌,编号依次为Q1、Q2、Q3、Q4、Q5、Q6.这6株发光细菌细胞壁革兰氏染色均为阴性,细胞为杆状,大小为(0.5~0.8)μm×(1.0~1.5)μm,具有单极生鞭毛,有运动性.氧化酶和接触酶均呈阳性反应,能发酵葡萄糖产酸;吲哚试验和V-P试验均为阳性反应,能分泌淀粉酶、明胶酶、DNA酶,能将硝酸盐还原为亚硝酸盐.最适生长温度为20~25℃,最适生长pH为8.5~9.0.16S rDNA基因序列分析结果表明,6株发光菌与其亲缘关系最近的属为Vibrio(弧菌属),该属内和此次实验的6株发光菌亲缘关系最近的种Vibrio anguillarum(鳗弧菌)的16S rDNA序列相似值为99.57%.Biolog GenⅢ鉴定结果显示,该实验的6株发光菌在有氧条件下,在提供的71种碳源中,只能利用其中的30种,其中,糖类12种,氨基酸类5种,羧酸类4种,聚合物类2种,其他类7种.结合6株发光菌的形态学特征、生理生化特性、Biolog Gen III鉴定结果和分子生物学特性,将菌株鉴定为Vibrio anguillarum.该菌所具有的发光特性为首次报道.     

熵值理论和改进BP网络在湖泊富营养化评价中的应用研究

针对湖泊型饮用水源地水体污染、富营养化加剧的问题,引入熵值理论,建立单指标营养状态指数(TSI)和熵权藕合的湖泊综合营养状态指数模型(STSI),计算得到湖泊综合富营养状态指数判断湖泊富营养综合状态;基于神经网络仿真理论和Matlab软件系统,采用附加动量法和自适应学习速率改进BP算法,建立5-3-1结构型式的BP网络模型对湖泊富营养状态进行仿真预测。综合富营养化指数模型及改进BP模型应用于评价及预测固城湖富营养状态,并对模型评价结果进行验证。结果表明,改进BP网络模型可以有效地综合判断水体状态,为富营养评价及预测提供新的方法。     

深水油气浅层钻井的“三浅”地质灾害

深水浅层钻井过程中可能遇到浅水流、浅层气以及天然气水合物层分解等3种浅层地质灾害（简称＂三浅＂）。要规避这些风险,必须需要开展浅水流、浅层气和天然气水合物成因机理、识别特征及工程危害等方面的研究。国外利用地球物理识别技术和数值模拟方法,结合深水油气钻井测井开展了这方面的研究,在＂三浅＂地质灾害的形成机理和控制因素方面取得了较为重要的研究进展。目前国内学者利用地球物理方法在南海北部深水区LW3-1大气田的周围发现了超压系统、浅层气和天然气水合物。深水水道砂体的发现也推断南海北部深水区具有＂三浅＂地质灾害发育的地质条件。随着深水油气勘探开发的不断深入,评估和预测南海北部深水钻井的＂三浅＂地质灾害十分迫切。     

GPS PPP技术用于滑坡监测的试验与结果分析

为了研究全球定位系统(GPS)精密单点定位(PPP)技术用于滑坡等地质灾害监测时可能达到的精度和可靠性等问题,结合某类滑坡的大型物理模型试验,在滑坡体上布设了若干GPS监测点进行连续实时动态监测,利用PPP技术对该滑坡从稳定、开始滑动直至产生破坏的全过程监测数据进行了处理与分析,并与GPS单历元差分定位、载波相位实时差分定位技术监测结果进行了对比。结果表明:GPS PPP技术监测结果的内符合精度约为10 mm,外符合精度约为40 mm,且GPS PPP技术具有一些差分GPS无法比拟的优势,如无需基准站支持、作业成本低、效率高、可直接获取监测点在国际地球参考框架下的绝对坐标等。该技术完全可用于滑坡等地质灾害的实时动态监测和预警。     

微波消解—冷原子荧光光谱法测定植物样品中的汞

为了简化测量植物中汞含量的方法,提高灵敏度及结果的可信度,实验采用微波消解植物样品的办法,使样品经氯化亚锡还原,再用冷原子荧光测定出植物样品中汞的含量。确定了消解样品的方法和微波消解样品的条件,优化了仪器的最佳工作参数。方法检出限0.30×10-9(稀释因子100倍),精密度(n=12)在2.09%~6.05%,加标回收率94.1%~105.5%,方法经生物国家一级标准物质验证方法准确可靠。