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41.
青藏高原典型地区的地貌量化分析——兼对高原“夷平面”的讨论 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
利用新近公布的SRTM数字高程模型(DEM),选取青藏高原北部及高原内、外流区域进行大尺度定量地貌分析。分析表明,青藏高原不同地区的地貌差异反映了它们在地貌演化上的阶段性。在高原北部的祁连山地区,局部地区绝对高程增加的同时,地势起伏反而变缓。这些地区水系的发育程度普遍较低,剥蚀物质往往只经过近距离的搬运仍滞留在逆冲褶皱带内,山间盆地和平地成为山间小河的侵蚀堆积基准,因此“削高填低”的过程有效地降低了局部地形起伏。高原平坦地势是伴随着造山过程及之后的高海拔侵蚀基准和内流型水系条件下“削高填低”剥蚀过程的结果。我们认为高原内部为现今仍在承受剥蚀的地势平坦面。它的形成具穿时性,是内流型水系河流下切侵蚀能力弱化的结果,不直接反映海拔的高低。如果平坦侵蚀面的形成与海拔高程无必然的关联,或侵蚀面可以在任何海拔高度形成,而不一定代表以海平面为基准的准平原,那么它就不能作为一个可靠的参照面用于直接示踪和约束高原的抬升量和抬升时间。 相似文献
42.
Alix Lombard Anny Cazenave Pierre Yves Le Traon Stephanie Guinehut Cécile Cabanes 《Ocean Dynamics》2006,56(5-6):445-451
In this paper, we first discuss the controversial result of the work by Cabanes et al. (Science 294:840–842, 2001), who suggested that the rate of past century sea level rise may have been overestimated, considering the limited and heterogeneous
location of historical tide gauges and the high regional variability of thermal expansion which was supposed to dominate the
observed sea level. If correct, this conclusion would have solved the problem raised by the IPCC third assessment report [Church
et al, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 881, 2001], namely, the factor two difference between the 20th century observed sea level rise and the computed climatic contributions.
However, recent investigations based on new ocean temperature data sets indicate that thermal expansion only explains part
(about 0.4 mm/year) of the 1.8 mm/year observed sea level rise of the past few decades. In fact, the Cabanes et al.’s conclusion
was incorrect due to a contamination of abnormally high ocean temperature data in the Gulf Stream area that led to an overestimate
of thermal expansion in this region. In this paper, we also estimate thermal expansion over the last decade (1993–2003), using
a new ocean temperature and salinity database. We compare our result with three other estimates, two being based on global
gridded data sets, and one based on an approach similar to that developed here. It is found that the mean rate of thermosteric
sea level rise over the past decade is 1.5±0.3 mm/year, i.e. 50% of the observed 3 mm/year by satellite altimetry. For both
time spans, past few decades and last decade, a contribution of 1.4 mm/year is not explained by thermal expansion, thus needs
to be of water mass origin. Direct estimates of land ice melt for the recent years account for about 1 mm/year sea level rise.
Thus, at least for the last decade, we have moved closer to explaining the observed rate of sea level rise than the IPCC third
assessment report. 相似文献
43.
A large number of studies have documented the structural and sedimentary architecture of the Corinth Gulf, especially the major E–W trending normal faults important in accommodating the main extensional strain and associated growth of the Gilbert fan deltas. However, the role of several N–S oriented structures that crop out at the surface and are detectable at depth by seismic reflection and gravity surveys are not clearly understood. Based on new geological data, collected near Xylokastro, we describe the N–S oriented tectonic activity of this area. The mapped inland faults correspond to off-shore structures identified in re-interpreted seismic lines and appear to have acted as a major transfer zone during the opening of the Corinth Gulf. Reconstruction of the paleo-topography based on sedimentary facies and the environment of clay mineral formation suggest these transfer zones played an important role in controlling both local structural relief and depositional conditions of the Gilbert fan deltas. 相似文献
44.
A Discussion of IGS Solutions and Their Impact on Geodetic and Geophysical Applications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The International Association of Geodesy officially established the International GPS Service (IGS) on Janaury 1, 1994. Its
prime objective is to provide support and a rerefence system for a wide variety of scientific and practical applications involving
GPS. To fulfill its role the IGS also generates, in addition to its fundamental products (orbital/staion positions and consistent
Earth orientation parameters), additional reference-system products providing the necessary infrastructure, standards, and
means of calibrations for timing and various atmospheric applications of GPS. The generation and efficient application of
IGS products and their impact on a number of positioning and atmospheric applications, including low earth orbit satellites,
is reviewed and discussed. @ 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
45.
Shaw Cliff S. J. Thibault Yves Edgar Alan D. Lloyd Felicity E. 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,132(4):354-370
Experiments dissolving orthopyroxene (En93) in a variety of Si-undersaturated alkaline melts at 1 atmosphere and variable f
O2 demonstrate that orthopyroxene dissolves to form olivine, Si-rich melt and clinopyroxene. These phases form a texturally
and chemically distinct boundary layer around the partly dissolved orthopyroxene crystals. The occurrence of clinopyroxene
in the boundary layer is due to inward diffusion of Ca from the solvent melt to the boundary layer causing clinopyroxene saturation.
Compositional profiles through the solvent and the boundary layer for a number of experiments demonstrate rapid diffusion
of cations across the boundary layer – solvent interface. SiO2 diffuses outward from the boundary layer whereas CaO and Al2O3 diffuse toward the Si-enriched boundary layer melt. The rate of Al diffusion is slower under reducing conditions compared
to the rates in experiments performed in air. Concentrations of FeO and MgO in the boundary layer and solvent are approximately
equal indicating rapid diffusion and attainment of equilibrium despite ongoing crystallisation of clinopyroxene within the
boundary layer. The behaviour of Na2O and K2O is strongly affected by f
O2. Under reducing conditions Na2O and K2O concentrations are approximately equal in the boundary layer and solvent indicating normal diffusion down the concentration
gradient and attainment of equilibrium. Under oxidising conditions, K2O and to a lesser extent Na2O, have compositional profiles indicative of uphill diffusion likely due to their preference for more polymerised Si- and
Al-rich melts. Under reduced conditions Al-enrichment in the boundary layer melt is not as extreme and uphill diffusion did
not occur. The composition of the solvent melt after the experiments indicates that it was contaminated by the boundary layer
by convective mixing due to the onset of hydrodynamic instabilities brought on by density and viscosity contrasts between
the two melts. Despite using a wide variety of solvent melt compositions we find that the boundary layer melts converge toward
a common composition at high SiO2 contents. The composition of glass generated by orthopyroxene dissolution at 1 atmosphere is similar in many respects to
Si-rich glass found in many orthopyroxene-rich mantle xenoliths that have been attributed to high pressure in situ processes
including mantle metasomatism. The results of this study suggest that at least some Si-rich melts are likely to have formed
by dissolution of xenolith orthopyroxene at low pressure possibly by their Si-undersaturated host magmas.
Received: 30 August 1996 / Accepted: 15 April 1998 相似文献
46.
Yves Grosdidier Anthony F.J. Moffat Agnès Acker 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1998,260(1-2):181-184
We present HST-WFPC2/Hα deep images of the ejected nebula M1-67. Our data suggest that M1-67 is the imprint of a previous,
slow LBV wind ejected from the central star WR124, now a WN8 star. We find evidence that the LBV wind is highly variableand anisotropic. Some dense, persisting clumps have possibly been ejected directly from the stellar surface.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
47.
48.
Giancarlo Bellucci Joern Helbert Francesca Altieri Dennis Reiss Jean-Pierre Bibring Stephan van Gasselt Harald Hoffmann Yves Langevin Gerhard Neukum Franois Poulet 《Icarus》2007,192(2):361-377
In this paper we report about a small region on the northern scarp of Olympus Mons showing an increase of the 3 μm hydration band in the OMEGA spectra, together with low superficial temperatures. Although water ice clouds can occurs on the flank of big martian volcanoes, radiative transfer modeling indicates that atmospheric water ice alone cannot justify the shape of the observed band. A fit of the 1.9–3 μm absorption features is obtained by hypothesizing that the study region consists of a mixture of dust and water ice covered by an optically thin (τ=0.08 at 3 μm) layer of dust. Thermal modeling also suggests that water ice in this region may be stable during most of the martian year due to the saturation of the atmosphere. If water ice is responsible for the observed spectral behavior, it might consist of a number of ice or snow patches possibly deposited in small depressions. 相似文献
49.
The aim of this paper is to present a methodology for identifying the soil parameters controlling the delayed behaviour from laboratory and in situ pressuremeter tests by using an elasto‐viscoplastic model (EVP‐MCC) based on Perzyna's overstress theory and on the elasto‐plastic Modified Cam Clay model. The influence of both the model parameters and the soil permeability was studied under the loading condition of pressuremeter tests by coupling the proposed model equations with Biot's consolidation theory. On the basis of the parametric study, a methodology for identifying model parameters and soil permeability by inverse analysis from three levels of constant strain rate pressuremeter tests was then proposed and applied on tests performed on natural Saint‐Herblain clay. The methodology was validated by comparing the optimized values of soil parameters and the values of the same parameters obtained from laboratory test results, and also by using the identified parameters to simulate other tests on the same samples. The analysis of the drainage condition and the strain rate effect during a pressuremeter test demonstrated the coupled influence of consolidation and viscous effects on the test results. The numerical results also showed that the inverse analysis procedure could successfully determine the parameters controlling the time‐dependent soil behaviour. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
50.
Yves Lagabrielle Manuel Surez Jacques Malavieille Diego Morata Felipe Espinoza Ren C. Maury Bruno Scalabrino Luis Barbero Rita de la Cruz Eduardo Rossello Herv Bellon 《地学学报》2007,19(6):413-424
Recent field work and review of radiometric data obtained from Neogene lavas and plutonic rocks exposed in the Eastern Central Patagonian Cordillera (46–48ºS), which overlie subducted segments of the South Chile Ridge, suggest important Late Miocene to Pleistocene morphological changes in relation to base level variations and/or tectonic events. We present new field observations from a region south of Lago General Carrera‐Buenos Aires, between the main Cordillera and the Meseta del Lago Buenos Aires, demonstrating that normal faulting controlled valley incisions and occurred during lava emplacement at 5–4 Ma and after 3 Ma. We also show that the 12 Ma basaltic flows of the Meseta del Lago Buenos Aires (∼2000 m a.s.l.) have been subjected to deep incision, with younger lavas dated at 1.2 Ma partially filling the valleys. These incisions are thought to reflect progressive eastward tilting of the entire meseta. Our new observations, together with additional features from Central Patagonia, strongly suggest that tectonic events led to a regional widespread morphological change after 5 Ma. The coincidence in time and space between the subduction of segments of the South Chile Ridge at 6 and 3 Ma causing opening of a slab window, and strong base level variations in the studied area, suggests a cause‐and‐effect relationship. In Central Patagonia, compressional tectonics ended well before extensional events reported here. Causes of uplift and further extension are probably completely disconnected. The uplift is purely tectonic in origin and occurred prior to the subduction of the South Chile Ridge. Extension should be a consequence of this subduction. 相似文献